Carbonide - Cardinal

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Carbonide (kärbŏnĭd or -īd), n. A carbide. [R.]

Carboniferous (kärbŏnĭfẽrŭs), a. [Carbon + -ferous.] Producing or containing carbon or coal.
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Coloq. Carboniferous age (Geol.), the age immediately following the Devonian, or Age of fishes, and characterized by the vegetation which formed the coal beds. This age embraces three periods, the Subcarboniferous, the Carboniferous, and Permian. See Age of acrogens, under . -- Coloq. Carboniferous formation (Geol.), the series of rocks (including sandstones, shales, limestones, and conglomerates, with beds of coal) which make up the strata of the Carboniferous age or Carboniferous period. See the Diagram under .
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carbonisation n. same as .
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Carbonite (?), n. [Carbon + -ite.] 1. An explosive consisting essentially of nitroglycerin, wood meal, and some nitrate, as that of sodium.
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2. An explosive composed of nitrobenzene, saltpeter, sulphur, and kieselguhr.
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Carbonization (?), n. [Cf. F. carbonisation.] 1. The act or process of carbonizing.
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2. the destructive distillation of coal (as in coke ovens).
Syn. -- carbonisation.
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Carbonize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carbonized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Carbonizing.] [Cf. F. carboniser.] 1. To convert (an animal or vegetable substance) into a residue of carbon by the action of fire or some corrosive agent; to char.
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2. To impregnate or combine with carbon, as in making steel by cementation.
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Carbonometer (?), n. [Carbon + -meter.] An instrument for detecting and measuring the amount of carbon which is present, or more esp. the amount of carbon dioxide, by its action on limewater or by other means.
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carbonous adj. relating to, containing, or rich in carbon.
Syn. -- carbonaceous, carbonic.
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Carbon process. (Photog.) A printing process depending on the effect of light on bichromatized gelatin. Paper coated with a mixture of the gelatin and a pigment is called Coloq. carbon paper or Coloq. carbon tissue . This is exposed under a negative and the film is transferred from the paper to some other support and developed by washing (the unexposed portions being dissolved away). If the process stops here it is called single transfer; if the image is afterward transferred in order to give an unreversed print, the method is called double transfer.
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Carbon steel. Steel deriving its qualities from carbon chiefly, without the presence of other alloying elements; -- opposed to alloy steel.
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Carbon transmitter. A telephone transmitter in which a carbon contact is used.
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Carbonyl (?), n. [Carbon + -yl.] (Chem.) The radical (CO)'', occuring, always combined, in many compounds, as the aldehydes, the ketones, urea, carbonyl chloride, etc.
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☞ Though denoted by a formula identical with that of carbon monoxide, it is chemically distinct, as carbon seems to be divalent in carbon monoxide, but tetravalent in carbonyl compounds.
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Coloq. Carbonyl chloride (Chem.), a colorless gas, COCl2, of offensive odor, and easily condensable to liquid. It is formed from chlorine and carbon monoxide, under the influence of light, and hence has been called phosgene, or phosgene gas; -- called also carbon oxychloride. It is used in chemical synthesis, and was also used as a poison gas in World War I.
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Carborundum (kärb�rŭndŭm), [a trade name, from Carbon + corundum.] A beautiful crystalline compound, silicon carbide (SiC), consisting of carbon and silicon in combination; -- also called carbon silicide. It is made by heating carbon and sand together in an electric furnace. The commercial article is dark-colored and iridescent. It is harder than emery, and is used as an abrasive.
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{ carborundum cloth or carborundum paper }. Cloth or paper covered with powdered carborundum; -- a foprm of sandpaper.
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Carbostyril (?), n. [Carbon + styrene.] A white crystalline substance, C9H6N.OH, of acid properties derived from one of the amido cinnamic acids.
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Carboxide (?), n. [Carbon + oxide.] (Chem.) A compound of carbon and oxygen, as carbonyl, with some element or radical; as, potassium carboxide.
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Coloq. Potassium carboxide , a grayish explosive crystalline compound, C6O6K, obtained by passing carbon monoxide over heated potassium.
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Carboxyl (kärbŏksĭl), n. [Carbon + oxygen + -yl.] (Chem.) The complex radical, CO.OH, regarded as the essential and characteristic constituent which all oxygen acids of carbon (as formic, acetic, benzoic acids, etc.) have in common; -- called also oxatyl.
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carboxylate v. t. to treat a chemical compound with carboxyl or carboxylic acid.
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carboxyl group (kärbŏksĭl gr�p), n. (Chem.) a monovalent organic radical (written -COOH, -CO2H or -CO.OH) whose presence confers acidic properties on the compound containing it; -- called also carboxylic group. Monocarboxylic acids (such as acetic acid or butyric acid) have one carboxyl group, dicarboxylic acids (such as oxalic acid or malonic acid) have two, tricarboxylic acids (such as citric acid) have three. It is weakly acidic, the pKa of acetic acid being 4.75.
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carboxylic (kärbŏksĭlĭk), adj. (Chem.) of or pertaining to the ; having a carboxyl group (written -COOH, -CO2H or -CO.OH); as, carboxylic acids are weakly acidic.
Syn. -- carboxyl.
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carboxylic acid n. (Chem.) an organic compound whose acidity is due to the presence of a . Monocarboxylic acids (such as acetic acid or butyric acid) have one carboxyl group, dicarboxylic acids (such as oxalic acid or malonic acid) have two, tricarboxylic acids (such as citric acid) have three.
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Carboy (kärboi), n. [Cf. Ir. & Gael carb basket; or Pers qurābah a sort of bottle.] A large, globular glass bottle, esp. one of green glass, inclosed in basket work or in a box, for protection; -- used commonly for carrying corrosive liquids; as sulphuric acid, etc.
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Carbuncle (?), n. [L. carbunculus a little coal, a bright kind of precious stone, a kind of tumor, dim. of carbo coal: cf. F. carboncle. See .]
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1. (Min.) A beautiful gem of a deep red color (with a mixture of scarlet) called by the Greeks anthrax; found in the East Indies. When held up to the sun, it loses its deep tinge, and becomes of the color of burning coal. The name belongs for the most part to ruby sapphire, though it has been also given to red spinel and garnet.
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2. (Med.) A very painful acute local inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue, esp. of the trunk or back of the neck, characterized by brawny hardness of the affected parts, sloughing of the skin and deeper tissues, and marked constitutional depression. It differs from a boil in size, tendency to spread, and the absence of a central core, and is frequently fatal. It is also called anthrax.
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3. (Her.) A charge or bearing supposed to represent the precious stone. It has eight scepters or staves radiating from a common center. Called also escarbuncle.
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Carbuncled (?), a. 1. Set with carbuncles.
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He has deserves it [armor], were it carbuncled
Like holy Phabus' car. Shak.
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2. Affected with a carbuncle or carbuncles; marked with red sores; pimpled and blotched. “A carbuncled face.” Brome.
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Carbuncular (?), a. Belonging to a carbuncle; resembling a carbuncle; red; inflamed.
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Carbunculation (?), n. [L. carbunculatio.] The blasting of the young buds of trees or plants, by excessive heat or cold. Harris.
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Carburet (?), n. [From .] (Chem.) A carbide. See [Archaic]
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Carburet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carbureted or Carburetted (�); p. pr. & vb. n. Carbureting or Carburetting.] To combine or to impregnate with carbon, as by passing through or over a liquid hydrocarbon; to carbonize or carburize.
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By carbureting the gas you may use poorer coal. Knight.
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Carburetant (?), n. Any volatile liquid used in charging illuminating gases.
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Carbureted (?), a. 1. (Chem.) Combined with carbon in the manner of a carburet or carbide.
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2. Saturated or impregnated with some volatile carbon compound; as, water gas is carbureted to increase its illuminating power.

[Written also carburetted.]
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Coloq. Carbureted hydrogen gas , any one of several gaseous compounds of carbon and hydrogen, some of with make up illuminating gas. -- Coloq. Light carbureted hydrogen , methane (CH4), also called marsh gas, and fire damp.
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{ Carburetor, Carburettor (?) }, n. 1. (Chem.) An apparatus in which coal gas, hydrogen, or air is passed through or over a volatile hydrocarbon, in order to confer or increase illuminating power. [Written also carburettor.]
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2. One that carburets; specif., an apparatus in which air or gas is carbureted, as by passing it through a light petroleum oil. The carburetor for a gasoline engine is usually either a Coloq. surface carburetor , or alternatively a Coloq. float carburetor (called also Coloq. float-feed carburetor , or Coloq. spray carburetor ). In the former air is charged by being passed over the surface of gasoline. In the latter a fine spray of gasoline is drawn from an atomizing nozzle by a current of air induced by the suction of the engine piston, the supply of gasoline being regulated by a float which actuates a needle valve controlling the outlet of the feed pipe. Alcohol and other volatile inflammable liquids may be used instead of gasoline.
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Carburization (?), n. (Chem.) The act, process, or result of carburizing.
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Carburize (kärb�rīz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Carburized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Carburizing.] (Chem.) To combine with carbon or a carbon compound; -- said esp. of a process for conferring a higher degree of illuminating power on combustible gases by mingling them with a vapor of volatile hydrocarbons.
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Carcajou (kärkȧj�), n. [Probably a Canadian French corruption of an Indian name of the wolverene.] (Zoöl.) The wolverene; -- also applied, but erroneously, to the Canada lynx, and sometimes to the American badger. See .
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Carcanet (kärkȧnĕt), n. [Dim. fr. F. carcan the iron collar or chain of a criminal, a chain of precious stones, LL. carcannum, fr. Armor. kerchen bosom, neck, kelchen collar, fr. kelch circle; or Icel. kverk troat, OHG. querca throat.] A jeweled chain, necklace, or collar. [Also written carkanet and carcant.] Shak.
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Carcase (kärk�s), n. See .
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Carcass (kärk�s), n.; pl. Carcasses (#). [Written also carcase.] [F. carcasse, fr. It. carcassa, fr. L. caro flesh + capsa chest, box, case. Cf. , a sheath.] 1. A dead body, whether of man or beast; a corpse; now commonly the dead body of a beast.
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He turned to see the carcass of the lion. Judges xiv. 8.
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This kept thousands in the town whose carcasses went into the great pits by cartloads. De Foe.
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2. The living body; -- now commonly used in contempt or ridicule. “To pamper his own carcass.” South.
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Lovely her face; was ne'er so fair a creature.
For earthly carcass had a heavenly feature. Oldham.
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3. The abandoned and decaying remains of some bulky and once comely thing, as a ship; the skeleton, or the uncovered or unfinished frame, of a thing.
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A rotten carcass of a boat. Shak.
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4. (Mil.) A hollow case or shell, filled with combustibles, to be thrown from a mortar or howitzer, to set fire to buldings, ships, etc.
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A discharge of carcasses and bombshells. W. Iving.
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Carcavelhos (?), n. A sweet wine. See .
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Carcel (?), n. (Photom.) A light standard much used in France, being the light from a Carcel lamp of stated size and construction consuming 42 grams of colza oil per hour with a flame 40 millimeters in height. Its illuminating power is variously stated at from 8.9 to 9.6 British standard candles.
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Carcelage (?), n. [LL. carcelladium, carceragium, fr. L. carcer prison.] Prison fees. [Obs.]
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Carcel lamp (?). [Named after , the inventor.] A French mechanical lamp, for lighthouses, in which a superabundance of oil is pumped to the wick tube by clockwork.
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Carceral (?), a. [L. carceralis, fr. carcer prison.] Belonging to a prison. [R.] Foxe.
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Carcharias prop. n. The type and sole genus of Carchariidae; the sand sharks.
Syn. -- genus Carcharias, Odontaspis, genus Odontaspis.
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Carchariidae prop. n. a natural family comprising the sand sharks; in some classifications coextensive with the family Carcharhinidae.
Syn. -- family Carchariidae, Odontaspididae, family Odontaspididae.
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Carcharodon prop. n. A genus of sharks including man-eating sharks, such as the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias.
Syn. -- genus Carcharodon.
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carcino- pref. [From Gr. karkinos, a crab.] A combining form meaning cancer, as in carcinogen.
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carcinogen (kärsĭn�jĕn), n. Any substance that produces cancer; as, to test for carcinogens in the drinking water.
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carcinogenic (kärsĭn�jĕnĭk), adj. Causing or tending to cause cancer; as, the carcinogenic action of certain chemicals or of ionizing radiation. -- carcinogenicity, n.
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carcinoid [From Gr. karkinos, a crab + -oid.] n. A small tumor (benign or malignant) arising from the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract; it is usually associated with excessive secretion of serotonin.
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Carcinological (kärsĭnŏlŏjĭk�l), a. Of or pertaining to carcinology.
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Carcinology (kärsĭnŏl�j�), n. [Gr. karkinos a crab + -logy.] (Zoöl.) The department of zoölogy which treats of the Crustacea (lobsters, crabs, etc.); -- called also malacostracology and crustaceology.
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carcinoma (kärsĭnōmȧ), n. [L., fr. Gr. karkinwma, fr. karkinos crab, cancer. See .] (Med.) A form of malignant cancer arising from epithelial tissue. The term was earlier applied to all forms of cancer, or to certain non-malignant forms. It is contrasted with sarcoma, a malignant form of cancer arising from connective tissue. See . Dunglison. Stedman.
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Carcinomatous (?), a. Of or pertaining to carcinoma.
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Carcinosys (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. karkinos cancer.] The affection of the system with cancer.
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Card (kärd), n. [F. carte, fr. L. charta paper, Gr. � a leaf of paper. Cf. .] 1. A piece of pasteboard, or thick paper, blank or prepared for various uses; as, a playing card; a visiting card; a card of invitation; pl. a game played with cards.
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Our first cards were to Carabas House. Thackeray.
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2. A published note, containing a brief statement, explanation, request, expression of thanks, or the like; as, to put a card in the newspapers. Also, a printed programme, and (fig.), an attraction or inducement; as, this will be a good card for the last day of the fair.
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3. A paper on which the points of the compass are marked; the dial or face of the mariner's compass.
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All the quartere that they know
I' the shipman's card. Shak.
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4. (Weaving) A perforated pasteboard or sheet-metal plate for warp threads, making part of the Jacquard apparatus of a loom. See .
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5. An indicator card. See under .
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Coloq. Business card , a card on which is printed an advertisement or business address. -- Coloq. Card basket (a) A basket to hold visiting cards left by callers. (b) A basket made of cardboard. -- Coloq. Card catalogue . See . -- Coloq. Card rack , a rack or frame for holding and displaying business or visiting card. -- Coloq. Card table , a table for use inplaying cards, esp. one having a leaf which folds over. -- Coloq. On the cards , likely to happen; foretold and expected but not yet brought to pass; -- a phrase of fortune tellers that has come into common use; also, according to the programme. -- Coloq. Playing card , cards used in playing games; specifically, the cards cards used playing which and other games of chance, and having each pack divided onto four kinds or suits called hearts, diamonds, clubs, and spades. The full or whist pack contains fifty-two cards. -- Coloq. To have the cards in one's own hands , to have the winning cards; to have the means of success in an undertaking. -- Coloq. To play one's cards well , to make no errors; to act shrewdly. -- Coloq. To play snow one's cards , to expose one's plants to rivals or foes. -- Coloq. To speak by the card , to speak from information and definitely, not by guess as in telling a ship's bearing by the compass card. -- Coloq. Visiting card , a small card bearing the name, and sometimes the address, of the person presenting it.
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Card, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Carded; p. pr. & vb. n. Carding.] To play at cards; to game. Johnson.
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Card, n. [F. carde teasel, the head of a thistle, card, from L. carduus, cardus, thistle, fr. carere to card.]
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1. An instrument for disentangling and arranging the fibers of cotton, wool, flax, etc.; or for cleaning and smoothing the hair of animals; -- usually consisting of bent wire teeth set closely in rows in a thick piece of leather fastened to a back.
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2. A roll or sliver of fiber (as of wool) delivered from a carding machine.
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Coloq. Card clothing , strips of wire-toothed card used for covering the cylinders of carding machines.
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Card (?), v. t. 1. To comb with a card; to cleanse or disentangle by carding; as, to card wool; to card a horse.
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These card the short comb the longer flakes. Dyer.
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2. To clean or clear, as if by using a card. [Obs.]
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This book [must] be carded and purged. T. Shelton.
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3. To mix or mingle, as with an inferior or weaker article. [Obs.]
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You card your beer, if you guests being to be drunk. -- half small, half strong. Greene.
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☞ In the manufacture of wool, cotton, etc., the process of carding disentangles and collects together all the fibers, of whatever length, and thus differs from combing, in which the longer fibers only are collected, while the short straple is combed away. See .
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Cardamine (?), n. [L. cardamina, Gr. �: cf. F. cardamine.] (Bot.) A genus of cruciferous plants, containing the lady's-smock, cuckooflower, bitter cress, meadow cress, etc.
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Cardamom (kärdȧmŭm), n. [L. cardamomun, Gr. kardamwmon] 1. The aromatic fruit, or capsule with its seeds, of several plants of the Ginger family growing in the East Indies and elsewhere, and much used as a condiment, and in medicine. [Also spelled cardamum.]
Syn. -- cardamon.
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2. (Bot.) A rhizomatous herb which produces cardamoms, esp. Elettaria Cardamomum and several species of Amomum.
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cardamon n. same as .
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Cardboard (kärdbōrd), n. A stiff compact pasteboard of various qualities, for making cards, etc., often having a polished surface.
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Cardcase (kärdkās), n. A case for visiting cards.
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Cardecu (kärd�k�), n. [Corrupt, from F. quart d'écu.] A quarter of a crown. [Obs.]
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The bunch of them were not worth a cardecu. Sir W. Scott.
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Carder (?), n. One who, or that which cards wool flax, etc. Shak.
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Cardia (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. � heart, or upper orifice of the stomach.] (Anat.) (a) The heart. (b) The anterior or cardiac orifice of the stomach, where the esophagus enters it.
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Cardiac (?), a. [L. cardiacus, Gr. �, fr. � heart: cf. F. cardiaque.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to, resembling, or hear the heart; as, the cardiac arteries; the cardiac, or left, end of the stomach.
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2. (Med.) Exciting action in the heart, through the medium of the stomach; cordial; stimulant.
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Coloq. Cardiac passion (Med.) cardialgia; heartburn. [Archaic] -- Coloq. Cardiac wheel . (Mach.) See .
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Cardiac n. (Med.) A medicine which excites action in the stomach; a cardial.
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Cardiacal (?), a. Cardiac.
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Cardiacle (?), n. A pain about the heart. [Obs.] Chaucer.
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Cardiagraph (?), n. See .
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{ Cardialgla (?), Cardialgy (?), } n. [NL. cardialgia, fr. Gr. �; � heart + � pain: cf. F. cardialgie.] (Med.) A burning or gnawing pain, or feeling of distress, referred to the region of the heart, accompanied with cardiac palpitation; heartburn. It is usually a symptom of indigestion.
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Cardigan, Cardigan jacket (#). [From the Earl of Cardigan, who was famous in the Crimean campaign of 1854-55.] 1. A warm jacket of knit worsted with or without sleeves, especially a knitted jacket with sleeves that is fastened up the front with buttons or a zipper.
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Cardigan (#), a slightly bow-legged variety of corgi having rounded ears and a long tail.
Syn. -- Cardigan Welsh corgi.
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Cardiidae n. a natural family of somewhat heart-shaped sand-burrowing bivalve mollusks.
Syn. -- family Cardiidae.
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Cardinal (?), a. [L. cardinalis, fr. cardo the hinge of a door, that on which a thing turns or depends: cf. F. cardinal.] Of fundamental importance; preëminent; superior; chief; principal.
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The cardinal intersections of the zodiac. Sir T. Browne.
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Impudence is now a cardinal virtue. Drayton.
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But cardinal sins, and hollow hearts, I fear ye. Shak.
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Coloq. Cardinal numbers , the numbers one, two, three, etc., in distinction from first, second, third, etc., which are called ordinal numbers. -- Coloq. Cardinal points (a) (Geol.) The four principal points of the compass, or intersections of the horizon with the meridian and the prime vertical circle, north, south east, and west. (b) (Astrol.) The rising and setting of the sun, the zenith and nadir. -- Coloq. Cardinal signs (Astron.) Aries, Libra, Cancer, and Capricorn. -- Coloq. Cardinal teeth (Zoöl.), the central teeth of bivalve shell. See . -- Coloq. Cardinal veins (Anat.), the veins in vertebrate embryos, which run each side of the vertebral column and returm the blood to the heart. They remain through life in some fishes. -- Coloq. Cardinal virtues , preëminent virtues; among the ancients, prudence, justice, temperance, and fortitude. -- Coloq. Cardinal winds , winds which blow from the cardinal points due north, south, east, or west.
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Cardinal, n. [F. carinal, It. cardinale, LL. cardinalis (ecclesiæ Romanæ). See , a.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) One of the ecclesiastical princes who constitute the pope's council, or the sacred college.
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The clerics of the supreme Chair are called Cardinals, as undoubtedly adhering more nearly to the hinge by which all things are moved. Pope Leo IX.
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☞ The cardinals are appointed by the pope. Since the time of Sixtus V., their number can never exceed seventy (six of episcopal rank, fifty priests, fourteen deacons), and the number of cardinal priests and deacons is seldom full. When the papel chair is vacant a pope is elected by the college of cardinals from among themselves. The cardinals take precedence of all dignitaries except the pope. The principal parts of a cardinal's costume are a red cassock, a rochet, a short purple mantle, and a red hat with a small crown and broad brim, with cords and tessels of a special pattern hanging from it.
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2. A woman's short cloak with a hood.
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Where's your cardinal! Make haste. Lloyd.
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3. Mulled red wine. Hotten.
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4. the cardinal bird, also called the northern cardinal.
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