Hydrofluosilicate - Hydrosalt

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Hydrofluosilicate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of hydrofluosilic acid; a silicofluoride. See .
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Hydrofluosilicic (?), a. [Hydro-, 2 + fluorine + silicic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or denoting, a compound consisting of a double fluoride of hydrogen and silicon; silicofluoric. See .
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Hydrogalvanic (?), a. [Hydro-, 1 + galvanic.] Pertaining to, produced by, or consisting of, electricity evolved by the action or use of fluids; as, hydrogalvanic currents. [R.]
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Hydrogen (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + -gen: cf. F. hydrogène. So called because water is generated by its combustion. See .] (Chem.) A gaseous element, colorless, tasteless, and odorless, the lightest known substance, being fourteen and a half times lighter than air (hence its use in filling balloons), and over eleven thousand times lighter than water. It is very abundant, being an ingredient of water and of many other substances, especially those of animal or vegetable origin. It may by produced in many ways, but is chiefly obtained by the action of acids (as sulphuric) on metals, as zinc, iron, etc. It is very inflammable, and is an ingredient of coal gas and water gas. It is standard of chemical equivalents or combining weights, and also of valence, being the typical monad. Symbol H. Atomic weight 1.
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☞ Although a gas, hydrogen is chemically similar to the metals in its nature, having the properties of a weak base. It is, in all acids, the base which is replaced by metals and basic radicals to form salts. Like all other gases, it is condensed by great cold and pressure to a liquid which freezes and solidifies by its own evaporation. It is absorbed in large quantities by certain metals (esp. palladium), forming alloy-like compounds; hence, in view of quasi-metallic nature, it is sometimes called hydrogenium. It is the typical reducing agent, as opposed to oxidizers, as oxygen, chlorine, etc.
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Coloq. Bicarbureted hydrogen , an old name for ethylene. -- Coloq. Carbureted hydrogen gas . See under . -- Coloq. Hydrogen dioxide , a thick, colorless liquid, H2O2, resembling water, but having a bitter, sour taste, produced by the action of acids on barium peroxide. It decomposes into water and oxygen, and is manufactured in large quantities for an oxidizing and bleaching agent. Called also oxygenated water. -- Coloq. Hydrogen oxide , a chemical name for water, H�O. -- Coloq. Hydrogen sulphide , a colorless inflammable gas, H2S, having the characteristic odor of bad eggs, and found in many mineral springs. It is produced by the action of acids on metallic sulphides, and is an important chemical reagent. Called also sulphureted hydrogen.
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Hydrogenate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hydrogenated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hydrogenating (?).] (Chem.) To hydrogenize.
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Hydrogenation (?), n. (Chem.) The act of combining with hydrogen, or the state of being so combined.
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Hydrogenide (?), n. (Chem.) A binary compound containing hydrogen; a hydride. [R.] See .
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Hydrogenium (?), n. [NL. See .] (Chem.) Hydrogen; -- called also in view of its supposed metallic nature. Graham.
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Hydrogenize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hydrogenized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hydrogenizing (?).] (Chem.) To combine with hydrogen; to treat with, or subject to the action of, hydrogen; to reduce; -- contrasted with oxidize.
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Hydrogenous (?), a. Of or pertaining to hydrogen; containing hydrogen.
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Hydrognosy (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. � knowledge.] A treatise upon, or a history and description of, the water of the earth.
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Hydrogode (?), n. [Hydrogen + Gr. � way. path.] (Elec.) The negative pole or cathode. [Obs. & R.]
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Hydrographer (?), n. One skilled in the hydrography; one who surveys, or draws maps or charts of, the sea, lakes, or other waters, with the adjacent shores; one who describes the sea or other waters. Boyle.

{ Hydrographic (?), Hydrographical (?), } a. Of or relating to hydrography.
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Hydrography (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + -graphy: cf. F. hydrographie.] 1. The art of measuring and describing the sea, lakes, rivers, and other waters, with their phenomena.
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2. That branch of surveying which embraces the determination of the contour of the bottom of a harbor or other sheet of water, the depth of soundings, the position of channels and shoals, with the construction of charts exhibiting these particulars.
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Hydroguret (?), n. [From .] (Chem.) A hydride. [Obs.]
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Hydroid (?), a. [Hydra + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Related to, or resembling, the hydra; of or pertaining to the Hydroidea. -- n. One of the Hydroideas.
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Hydroidea, n. pl. [NL. See , and .] (Zoöl.) An extensive order of Hydrozoa or Acalephæ. [Written also Hydroida.]
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☞ This order includes the hydras and the free-swimming hydromedusæ, together with a great variety of marine attached hydroids, many of which grow up into large, elegantly branched forms, consisting of a vast number of zooids (hydranths, gonophores, etc.), united by hollow stems. All the zooids of a colony are produced from one primary zooid, by successive buddings. The Siphonophora have also been included in this order by some writers. See , , , .
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Hydrokinetic (?), a. [Hydro-, 1 + kinetic.] Of or pertaining to the motions of fluids, or the forces which produce or affect such motions; -- opposed to hydrostatic. Sir W. Thomson.
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Hydrolase (?), n. [Hydrolysis + -ase.] 1. (Chem.) an enzyme which causes the splitting of a chemical bond with the addition of the elements of water; a hydrolytic enzyme. Formerly called a hydrolytic ferment. There are many known hydrolases, including nearly all of the digestive enzymes. Among the hydrolases are the esterases, which split ester bonds and amidases, which split amide bonds, and among the latter are the proteases and peptidases, which split peptide bonds, such as those found in proteins.
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Hydrological (?), a. Of or pertaining to hydrology.
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Hydrologist (?), n. One skilled in hydrology.
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Hydrology (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + -logy: cf. F. hydrologie.] The science of water, its properties, phenomena, and distribution over the earth's surface.
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Hydrolysis (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + -lysis.] (Chem.) A chemical process causing the splitting of a chemical bond by the addition of the elements of water. Where the bond which is split is not part of a ring structure, this process causes formation of two compounds from one compound plus water, as in the hydrolysis of the ester bonds of fats during saponification.
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Hydrolytic (?), a. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. � to loose.] 1. (Chem.) Tending to remove or separate water; eliminating water. [archaic]
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2. (Chem.) of, pertaining to, or accompanied by .
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Hydrolytic agents, such as sulphuric acid or caustic alkali. Encyc. Brit.
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Coloq. Hydrolytic ferment (Physiol. Chem.), an enzyme (formerly referred to as a ferment), which acts only in the presence of water, and which causes the substance acted upon to take up a molecule of water, resulting in the splitting of a chemical bond and often splitting one compound into two. Thus, diastase of malt, ptyalin of saliva, and boiling dilute sulphuric acid all convert starch by hydration into dextrin and sugar. Nearly all of the digestive enzymes are hydrolytic in their action. Since 1910 such an enzyme is usually referred to as a or .
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Hydromagnesite (hīdr�măgn�sīt), n. [Hydro-, 1 + magnesite.] (Min.) A hydrous carbonate of magnesia occurring in white, earthy, amorphous masses.
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Hydromancy (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + -mancy: cf. F. hydromancie.] Divination by means of water, -- practiced by the ancients.
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Hydromantic (?), a. [Cf. F. hydromantique.] Of or pertaining to divination by water.
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Hydromechanics (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + mechanics.] That branch of physics which treats of the mechanics of liquids, or of their laws of equilibrium and of motion.
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Hydromedusa (?), n.; pl. Hydromedusæ (#). [NL. See , and .] (Zoöl.) Any medusa or jellyfish which is produced by budding from a hydroid. They are called also Craspedota, and naked-eyed medusæ.
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☞ Such medusæ are the reproductive zooids or gonophores, either male or female, of the hydroid from which they arise, whether they become free or remain attached to the hydroid colony. They in turn produce the eggs from which the hydroids are developed. The name is also applied to other similar medusæ which are not known to bud from a hydroid colony, and even to some which are known to develop directly from the eggs, but which in structure agree essentially with those produced from hydroids. See , and .
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Hydromel (?), n. [L. hydromel, hydromeli, Gr. �; ydwr water + � honey: cf. F. hydromel.] A liquor consisting of honey diluted in water, and after fermentation called mead.
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Hydromellonic (?), a. See .
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Hydrometallurgical (?), a. Of or pertaining to hydrometallurgy; involving the use of liquid reagents in the treatment or reduction of ores. -- Hydrometallurgically, adv.
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Hydrometallurgy (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + metallurgy.] The art or process of assaying or reducing ores by means of liquid reagents.
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Hydrometeor (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + meteor.] A meteor or atmospheric phenomenon dependent upon the vapor of water; -- in the pl., a general term for the whole aqueous phenomena of the atmosphere, as rain, snow, hail, etc. Nichol.
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Hydrometeorological (?), a. Of or pertaining to hydrometeorology, or to rain, clouds, storms, etc.
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Hydrometeorology (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + meteorology.] That branch of meteorology which relates to, or treats of, water in the atmosphere, or its phenomena, as rain, clouds, snow, hail, storms, etc.
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Hydrometer (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + -meter: cf. F. hydromètre.] 1. (Physics) An instrument for determining the specific gravities of liquids, and thence the strength spirituous liquors, saline solutions, etc.
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☞ It is usually made of glass with a graduated stem, and indicates the specific gravity of a liquid by the depth to which it sinks in it, the zero of the scale marking the depth to which it sinks in pure water. Extra weights are sometimes used to adapt the scale to liquids of different densities.
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2. An instrument, variously constructed, used for measuring the velocity or discharge of water, as in rivers, from reservoirs, etc., and called by various specific names according to its construction or use, as tachometer, rheometer, hydrometer, pendulum, etc.; a current gauge.

{ Hydrometric (?), Hydrometrical (?), } a. [Cf. F. hydromètrique.] 1. Of or pertaining to an hydrometer, or to the determination of the specific gravity of fluids.
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2. Of or pertaining to measurement of the velocity, discharge, etc., of running water.
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3. Made by means of an hydrometer; as, hydrometric observations.
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Coloq. Hydrometric pendulum , a species of hydrometer consisting of a hollow ball of ivory or metal suspended by a treated from the center of a graduated quadrant, and held in a stream to measure the velocity of the water by the inclination given to the thread; a kind of current gauge.
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Hydrometrograph (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. � measure + -graph.] An instrument for determining and recording the quantity of water discharged from a pipe, orifice, etc., in a given time.
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Hydrometry (?), n. [Cf. F. hydromètrique.] 1. The art of determining the specific gravity of liquids, and thence the strength of spirituous liquors, saline solutions, etc.
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2. The art or operation of measuring the velocity or discharge of running water, as in rivers, etc.
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Hydromica (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + mica.] (Min.) A variety of potash mica containing water. It is less elastic than ordinary muscovite.
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Coloq. Hydromica schist (Min.), a mica schist characterized by the presence of hydromica. It often has a silky luster and almost soapy feel.
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Hydronephrosis (?), n. [NL., Gr. ydwr water + � a kidney.] (Med.) An accumulation of urine in the pelvis of the kidney, occasioned by obstruction in the urinary passages.
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Hydropath (?), n. [Cf. F. hydropathe.] A hydropathist.

{ Hydropathic (?), Hydropathical (?), } a. Of or pertaining to hydropathy.
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Hydropathist (?), n. One who practices hydropathy; a water-cure doctor.
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Hydropathy (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. �, �, to suffer.] The water cure; a mode of treating diseases by the copious and frequent use of pure water, both internally and externally.
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Hydroperitoneum (?), n. [NL. See , and .] (Med.) Same as .
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Hydrophane (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. � to show, appear: cf. F. hydrophane.] (Min.) A semitranslucent variety of opal that becomes translucent or transparent on immersion in water.
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Hydrophanous (?), a. (Min.) Made transparent by immersion in water.
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Hydrophid (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. � a small serpent.] (Zoöl.) Any sea snake of the genus Hydrophys and allied genera. These snakes are venomous, live upon fishes, and have a flattened tail for swimming.
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Hydrophlorone (?), n. [Hydro-, 2 + phlorone.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline benzene derivative, C8H10O2, obtained by the reduction of phlorone.
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Hydrophobia (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. �; ydwr water + � fear: cf. F. hydrophobie.] (Med.) (a) An abnormal dread of water, said to be a symptom of canine madness; hence: (b) A viral disease trransmitted by a bite from, or inoculation with the saliva of, a rabid creature, of which the chief symptoms are, a sense of dryness and constriction in the throat, causing difficulty in deglutition, and a marked heightening of reflex excitability, producing convulsions whenever the patient attempts to swallow, or is disturbed in any way, as by the sight or sound of water; rabies; canine madness. [Written also hydrophoby.]
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Hydrophobic (?), a. [L. hydrophobicus, Gr. �: cf. F. hydrophobique.] Of or pertaining to hydrophobia; producing or caused by rabies; as, hydrophobic symptoms; the hydrophobic poison.
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Hydrophoby (?), n. See .
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Hydrophora (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. E. hydra + Gr. ferein to bear.] (Zoöl.) The Hydroidea.
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Hydrophore (?), n. [Gr. ydwr water + ferein to bear.] An instrument used for the purpose of obtaining specimens of water from any desired depth, as in a river, a lake, or the ocean.
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Hydrophyllium (?), n.; pl. L. Hydrophyllia (#), E. Hydrophylliums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ydwr water + � a leaf.] (Zoöl.) One of the flat, leaflike, protective zooids, covering other zooids of certain Siphonophora.
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Hydrophyte (?), n. [Gr. � + � plant: cf. F. hydrophyte.] An aquatic plant; an alga.
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Hydrophytology (?), n. [Hydro- + phyte + -logy.] The branch of botany which treats of water plants.

{ Hydropic (?), Hydropical (?), } a. [L. hydropicus, Gr. �: cf. F. hydropique. See .] Dropsical, or resembling dropsy.
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Every lust is a kind of hydropic distemper, and the more we drink the more we shall thirst. Tillotson.
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Hydropically, adv. In a hydropical manner.
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Hydropiper (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ydwr water + L. piper a pepper.] (Bot.) A species (Polygonum Hydropiper) of knotweed with acrid foliage; water pepper; smartweed.
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Hydroplane (?), n. [Pref. hydro-, 1 + plane.] 1. A plane, or any of a number of planes, projecting from the hull of a submarine boat, which by being elevated or depressed cause the boat, when going ahead, to sink or rise, after the manner of an aëroplane.
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2. A projecting plane or fin on a hydroplane{3} to lift the moving boat on top of the water; also, a gliding boat.
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3. a powered surface boat fitted with planes (hydroplanes{2}) projecting below the hull, designed to lift the boat, when moving rapidly, so that the hull itself is lifted out of the water and the boat is supported by the hydrodynamic forces of the water on the hydroplanes{2}, thus permitting higher speeds; formerly called a gliding boat.
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Hydroplane, v. i. 1. Of a boat, to move through water while supported by hydroplanes{3} (see , above).
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2. to move through a body of water supported by the hydrodynamic forces on a surface, similar in principle to a ; -- said, e. .g, of automobiles skidding on a shallow patch of water on a road when moving at high speed, thus causing the tires to lose contact with the road surface.
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Hydropneumatic (?), a. [Hydro-, 1 + pneumatic: cf. F. hydropneumatique.] Pertaining to, or depending upon, both liquid and gaseous substances; as, hydropneumatic apparatus for collecting gases over water or other liquids.
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Hydropneumatic gun carriage. (Ordnance) A disappearing gun carriage in which the recoil is checked by cylinders containing liquid and air, the air when compressed furnishing the power for restoring the gun to the firing position. It is used with some English and European heavy guns.
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Hydropsy (?), n. Same as .
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Hydropult (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + Gr. � to hurl.] A machine for throwing water by hand power, as a garden engine, a fire extinguisher, etc.
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Hydroquinone (?), n. [Hydro-, 2 + quinone.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance, C6H4(OH)2, obtained by the reduction of quinone. It is a diacid phenol, resembling, and metameric with, pyrocatechin and resorcin. Called also dihydroxy benzene.
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Hydrorhiza (?), n.; pl. L. Hydrorhizæ (#), E. Hydrorhizas (#). [NL., fr. E. hydra + Gr. � a root.] (Zoöl.) The rootstock or decumbent stem by which a hydroid is attached to other objects. See Illust. under .
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Hydrosalt (?), n. [Hydro-, 1 + salt.] (Chem.) (a) A salt supposed to be formed by a hydracid and a base. (b) An acid salt. [R.] (c) A hydrous salt; a salt combined with water of hydration or crystallization.
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