Hylism - Hyperbolic

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Hylism (?), n. [Gr. � wood, matter.] (Metaph.) A theory which regards matter as the original principle of evil.
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Hylobate (?), n. [Gr. � one that walks or inhabits the woods: � a wood + � to go.] (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Hylobates; a gibbon, or long-armed ape. See .
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Hylodes (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. � woody, wooded, muddy; � a wood + e'i^dos form.] (Zoöl.) The piping frog (Hyla Pickeringii), a small American tree frog, which in early spring, while breeding in swamps and ditches, sings with high, shrill, but musical, notes.
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Hyloism (?), n. Same as .
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Hyloist, n. [Gr. � wood, matter.] Same as .
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Hylopathism (?), n. [Gr. � matter + �, �, to suffer.] The doctrine that matter is sentient. Krauth-Fleming.
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Hylopathist (?), n. One who believes in hylopathism.
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Hylophagous (?), a. [Gr. � wood + � to eat.] (Zoöl.) Eating green shoots, as certain insects do.
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Hylotheism (?), n. [Gr. � wood, matter + � God.] The doctrine of belief that matter is God, or that there is no God except matter and the universe; pantheism. See .
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Hylotheist, n. One who believes in hylotheism.
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Hylozoic (?), a. Of or pertaining to hylozoism.
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Hylozoism (?), n. [Gr. � wood, matter + � life, fr. � to live: cf. F. hylozoïsme.] The doctrine that matter possesses a species of life and sensation, or that matter and life are inseparable. [R.] Cudworth.
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Hylozoist, n. A believer in hylozoism. A. Tucker.
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Hymar (?), n. (Zoöl.) The wild ass of Persia.
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Hymen (?), n. [Gr. ymhn skin, membrane.] (Anat.) A fold of muscous membrane often found at the orifice of the vagina in virgins; the vaginal membrane. It is usually torn by sexual intercourse.
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Hymen, n. [L., fr. Gr. �.] 1. (Class Myth.) A fabulous deity; according to some, the son of Apollo and Urania, according to others, of Bacchus and Venus. He was the god of marriage, and presided over nuptial solemnities.
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Till Hymen brought his love-delighted hour,
There dwelt no joy in Eden's rosy bower. Campbell.
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2. Marriage; union as if by marriage.
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Hymen of element and race. Emerson.

hymenal adj. Same as .
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{ Hymeneal (?), Hymenean (?), } a. [L. hymeneius, a., also Hymenaeus, n., Hymen, Gr. � the wedding song, also � Hymen: cf. F. hyménéal, hyménéen.] Of or pertaining to marriage; as, hymeneal rites. Pope.

{ Hymeneal, Hymenean, } n. A marriage song. Milton.
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Hymenium (?), n.; pl. L. Hymenia (#), E. Hymeniums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. � a membrane.] (Bot.) The spore-bearing surface of certain fungi, as that on the gills of a mushroom.
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Hymenogastrales n. An order of fungi sometimes placed in subclass Homobasidiomycetes.
Syn. -- order Hymenogastrales.
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Hymenogeny (?), n. [Gr. � a membrane + root of � to be born.] The production of artificial membranes by contact of two fluids, as albumin and fat, by which the globules of the latter are surrounded by a thin film of the former.
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Hymenomycetes (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. � a membrane + �, �, a mushroom.] (Bot.) One of the great divisions of fungi, containing those species in which the hymenium is completely exposed. M. J. Berkley.
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Hymenophore (?), n. [Gr. � a membrane + ferein to bear.] (Bot.) That part of a fungus which is covered with the hymenium.
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Hymenopter (?), n. [Cf. F. hyménoptère.] (Zoöl.) One of the Hymenoptera.
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Hymenoptera (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. � membrane-winged; � skin, membrane + � wing.] (Zoöl.) An extensive order of insects, including the bees, ants, ichneumons, sawflies, etc.
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☞ They have four membranous wings, with few reticulations, and usually with a thickened, dark spot on the front edge of the anterior wings. In most of the species, the tongue, or lingua, is converted into an organ for sucking honey, or other liquid food, and the mandibles are adapted for biting or cutting. In one large division (Aculeata), including the bees, wasps, and ants, the females and workers usually have a sting, which is only a modified ovipositor.

{ Hymenopteral (?), Hymenopterous (?), } a. (Zoöl.) Like, or characteristic of, the Hymenoptera; pertaining to the Hymenoptera.
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Hymenopteran (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Hymenoptera.
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hymenopteron n. Same as .
Syn. -- hymenopterous insect, hymenopteran, hymnenopter.
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Hymn (hĭm), n. [OE. hympne, ympne, F. hymne, OF. also ymne, L. hymnus, Gr. �; perh. akin to � web, � to weave, and so to E. weave.] An ode or song of praise or adoration; especially, a religious ode, a sacred lyric; a song of praise or thanksgiving intended to be used in religious service; as, the Homeric hymns; Watts' hymns.
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Admonishing one another in psalms and hymns. Col. iii. 16.
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Where angels first should practice hymns, and string
Their tuneful harps. Dryden.
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Coloq. Hymn book , a book containing a collection of hymns, as for use in churches; a hymnal.
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Hymn (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Hymned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Hymning (?).] [Cf. L. hymnire, Gr. �.] To praise in song; to worship or extol by singing hymns; to sing.
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To hymn the bright of the Lord. Keble.
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Their praise is hymned by loftier harps than mine. Byron.
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Hymn, v. i. To sing in praise or adoration. Milton.
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Hymnal (?), n. A collection of hymns; a hymn book.
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Hymnic (?), a. [Cf. F. hymnique.] Relating to hymns, or sacred lyrics. Donne.
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Hymning (?), a. Praising with hymns; singing. “The hymning choir.” G. West.
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Hymning, n. The singing of hymns. Milton.
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Hymnist (?), n. A writer of hymns.
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Hymnody (?), n. [Gr. �; � a hymn + � a song, a singing.] Hymns, considered collectively; hymnology.
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Hymnographer (?), n. 1. One who writes on the subject of hymns.
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2. A writer or composed of hymns.
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Hymnography (?), n. [Gr. � hymn + graphy.] The art or act of composing hymns.
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Hymnologist (?), n. A composer or compiler of hymns; one versed in hymnology. Busby.
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Hymnology (?), n. [Gr. � hymn + -logy: cf. F. hymnologie.] 1. The hymns or sacred lyrics composed by authors of a particular country or period; as, the hymnology of the eighteenth century; also, the collective body of hymns used by any particular church or religious body; as, the Anglican hymnology.
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2. A knowledge of hymns; a treatise on hymns.
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Hympne (?), n. A hymn. [Obs.] Chaucer.
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Hyndreste (?), a. See . [Obs.]
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Hyne (?), n. A servant. See . [Obs.] Chaucer.
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Hyo- (?). [See .] A prexif used in anatomy, and generally denoting connection with the hyoid bone or arch; as, hyoglossal, hyomandibular, hyomental, etc.
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Hyoganoidei (?), n. pl. [NL. See , and .] (Zoöl.) A division of ganoid fishes, including the gar pikes and bowfins. -- Hyoganoid (#), a.
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Hyoglossal (?), a. [Hyo- + Gr. � tongue.] (Anat.) (a) Pertaining to or connecting the tongue and hyodean arch; as, the hyoglossal membrane. (b) Of or pertaining to the hyoglossus muscle.
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Hyoglossus (?), n. [NL., fr. hyo- hyo- + Gr. glw^ssa tongue.] (Anat.) A flat muscle on either side of the tongue, connecting it with the hyoid bone.
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Hyoid (?), a. [Gr. � fr. the letter Υ + e'i^dos form: cf. F. hyoïde.] 1. Having the form of an arch, or of the Greek letter upsilon [Υ].
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2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the bony or cartilaginous arch which supports the tongue. Sometimes applied to the tongue itself.
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Coloq. Hyoid arch (Anat.), the arch of cartilaginous or bony segments, which connects the base of the tongue with either side of the skull. -- Coloq. Hyoid bone (Anat.), the bone in the base of the tongue, the middle part of the hyoid arch.
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Hyoid, n. The hyoid bone.

{ Hyoideal (?), Hyoidean (?), } a. Same as , a.
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Hyomandibular (?), a. [Hyo- + mandibular.] (Anat.) Pertaining both to the hyoidean arch and the mandible or lower jaw; as, the hyomandibular bone or cartilage, a segment of the hyoid arch which connects the lower jaw with the skull in fishes. -- n. The hyomandibular bone or cartilage.
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Hyomental (?), a. [Hyo- + mental of the chin.] (Anat.) Between the hyoid bone and the lower jaw, pertaining to them; suprahyoid; submaxillary; as, the hyomental region of the front of the neck.
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Hyopastron (?), n. [Hyo- + plastron.] (Zoöl.) The second lateral plate in the plastron of turtles; -- called also hyosternum.
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Hyoscine (?), n. [See .] (Chem.) An alkaloid found with hyoscyamine (with which it is also isomeric) in henbane, and extracted as a white, amorphous, semisolid substance.
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Hyoscyamine (?), n. [See .] (Chem.) An alkaloid found in henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), and regarded as its active principle. It is also found with other alkaloids in the thorn apple and deadly nightshade. It is extracted as a white crystalline substance, with a sharp, offensive taste. Hyoscyamine is isomeric with atropine, is very poisonous, and is used as a medicine for neuralgia, like belladonna. Called also hyoscyamia, duboisine, etc.
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Hyoscyamus (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. �; � a sow, hog + � a bean.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of poisonous plants of the Nightshade family; henbane.
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2. (Med.) The leaves of the black henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), used in neuralgic and pectorial troubles.
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Hyosternal (?), a. [Hyo- + ternal.] (Anat.) (a) Between the hyoid bone and the sternum, or pertaining to them; infrahyoid; as, the hyosternal region of the neck. (b) Pertaining to the hyosternum of turtles.
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Hyosternum (?), n. [Hyo- + sternum.] (Anat.) See .
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Hyostylic (?), a. [Hyo- + Gr. � a pillar.] (Anat.) Having the mandible suspended by the hyomandibular, or upper part of the hyoid arch, as in fishes, instead of directly articulated with the skull as in mammals; -- said of the skull.
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Hyp (?), n. An abbreviation of hypochonaria; -- usually in plural. [Colloq.]
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Heaven send thou hast not got the hyps. Swift.
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Hyp, v. t. To make melancholy. [Colloq.] W. Irving.

{ Hypæthral, Hypethral (?) }, a. [L. hypaethrus in the open air, uncovered, Gr. �; � under + � ether, the clear sky.] (Arch.) Exposed to the air; wanting a roof; -- applied to a building or part of a building. Gwilt.
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Hypallage (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. �, prop., interchange, exchange, fr, � to interchange; � under + � to change.] (Gram.) A figure consisting of a transference of attributes from their proper subjects to others. Thus Virgil says, “dare classibus austros,” to give the winds to the fleets, instead of dare classibus austris, to give the fleets to the winds.
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The hypallage, of which Virgil is fonder than any other writer, is much the gravest fault in language. Landor.
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Hypallelomorph, n. See .

Hypanthium (?), n.; pl. L. Hypanthia (#), E. Hypanthiums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. ypo beneath + 'anqos flower.] (Bot.) A fruit consisting in large part of a receptacle, enlarged below the calyx, as in the Calycanthus, the rose hip, and the pear.
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Hypapophysis (?), n.; pl. Hypapophyles (#). [NL. See , and .] (Anat.) A process, or other element, of a vertebra developed from the ventral side of the centrum, as hæmal spines, and chevron bones. -- Hypapophysial (#), a.
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Hyparterial (?), a. [Hypo- + arterial.] (Anat.) Situated below an artery; applied esp. to the branches of the bronchi given off below the point where the pulmonary artery crosses the bronchus.
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Hypaspist (?), n. [Gr. �.] (Gr. Antiq.) A shield-bearer or armor-bearer. Mitford.
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Hypaxial (?), a. [Hypo- + axial.] (Anat.) Beneath the axis of the skeleton; subvertebral; hyposkeletal.
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Hyper- (?). [Gr. yper over, above; akin to L. super, E. over. See , and cf. .] 1. A prefix signifying over, above; as, hyperphysical, hyperthyrion; also, above measure, abnormally great, excessive; as, hyperæmia, hyperbola, hypercritical, hypersecretion.
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2. (Chem.) A prefix equivalent to super- or per-; as hyperoxide, or peroxide. [Obs.] See .
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hyperactive a. Exhibiting hyperactivity.
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hyperactivity n. an unusually high level of activity; -- used especially with respect to children who move around frequently and do not sit still very long, most noticeably in school. It is sometimes associated with .
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Hyperæmia (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. yper over + ai^ma blood.] (Med.) A superabundance or congestion of blood in an organ or part of the body.
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Coloq. Active hyperæmia , congestion due to increased flow of blood to a part. -- Coloq. Passive hyperæmia , interchange due to obstruction in the return of blood from a part.

-- Hyperæmic (#), a.
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Hyperæsthesia (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. yper over + � sense, perception.] (Med. & Physiol.) A state of exalted or morbidly increased sensibility of the body, or of a part of it. -- Hyperæsthetic (#), a.
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Hyperapophysis (?), n.; pl. Hyperapophyses (#). [NL. See , and .] (Anat.) A lateral and backward-projecting process on the dorsal side of a vertebra. -- Hyperapophysial (#), a.
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Hyperaspist (?), n. [Gr. �, fr. � to cover with a shield; yper over + � shield.] One who holds a shield over another; hence, a defender. [Obs.] Chillingworth.
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Hyperbaric (?), a. [hyper- + baric.] 1. of, pertaining to, or using a pressure that is greater than normal atmospheric pressure; as, a hyperbaric chamber, where divers may decompress slowly to avoid the bends.
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2. of, pertaining to, or using an oxygen pressure that is greater than that at normal atmospheric pressure; as, a hyperbaric tent to provide additional oxygen to patients with breathing difficulty.
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Hyperbatic (?), a. Of or pertaining to an hyperbaton; transposed; inverted.
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Hyperbaton (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. �, fr. � transposed, fr. � to step over; yper over + � to step.] (Gram.) A figurative construction, changing or inverting the natural order of words or clauses; as, “echoed the hills” for “the hills echoed.”
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With a violent hyperbaton to transpose the text. Milton.
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Hyperbola (?), n. [Gr. �, prop., an overshooting, excess, i. e., of the angle which the cutting plane makes with the base. See .] (Geom.) A curve formed by a section of a cone, when the cutting plane makes a greater angle with the base than the side of the cone makes. It is a plane curve such that the difference of the distances from any point of it to two fixed points, called foci, is equal to a given distance. See . If the cutting plane be produced so as to cut the opposite cone, another curve will be formed, which is also an hyperbola. Both curves are regarded as branches of the same hyperbola. See Illust. of Conic section, and .
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Hyperbole (?), n. [L., fr. Gr�, prop., an overshooting, excess, fr. Gr. � to throw over or beyond; yper over + � to throw. See , , and cf. .] (Rhet.) A figure of speech in which the expression is an evident exaggeration of the meaning intended to be conveyed, or by which things are represented as much greater or less, better or worse, than they really are; a statement exaggerated fancifully, through excitement, or for effect.
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Our common forms of compliment are almost all of them extravagant hyperboles. Blair.
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Somebody has said of the boldest figure in rhetoric, the hyperbole, that it lies without deceiving. Macaulay.

{ Hyperbolic (?), Hyperbolical (?), } a. [L. hyperbolicus, Gr. �: cf. F. hyperbolique.] 1. (Math.) Belonging to the hyperbola; having the nature of the hyperbola.
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2. (Rhet.) Relating to, containing, or of the nature of, hyperbole; exaggerating or diminishing beyond the fact; exceeding the truth; as, an hyperbolical expression. “This hyperbolical epitaph.” Fuller.
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Coloq. Hyperbolic functions (Math.), certain functions which have relations to the hyperbola corresponding to those which sines, cosines, tangents, etc., have to the circle; and hence, called hyperbolic sines, hyperbolic cosines, etc. -- Coloq. Hyperbolic logarithm . See . -- Coloq. Hyperbolic spiral (Math.), a spiral curve, the law of which is, that the distance from the pole to the generating point varies inversely as the angle swept over by the radius vector.
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