Phosphoryl - Phrenetic
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Phosphorus steel. A steel in which the amount of phosphorus exceeds that of carbon.
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Phosphoryl (?), n. [Phosphorus + -yl.] (Chem.) The radical PO, regarded as the typical nucleus of certain compounds.
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Phosphuret (?), n. (Chem.) A phosphide. [Obsoles.]
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Phosphureted (?), a. (Chem.) Impregnated, or combined, with phosphorus. [Obsoles.] [Written also phosphuretted.]
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Coloq. Phosphureted hydrogen . (Chem.) See .
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Photic (?), a. [Gr. fw^s, fwtos, light.] Of or pert. to light; specif., relating to the production of light by the lower animals.
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Photic region. (Phytogeography) The uppermost zone of the sea, which receives the most light.
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Photics (?), n. (Physics) The science of light; -- a general term sometimes employed when optics is restricted to light as a producing vision. Knight.
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Photism (?), n. [Gr. � illumination.] (Psycol.) A luminous image or appearance of a hallucinatory character.
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Photo (?), n.; pl. Photos (�). A contraction of . [Colloq.]
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Photo- (?). A combining form from Gr. fw^s, fwtos, light; as, photography, phototype, photometer.
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Photobacterium (?), n. [NL. See , and .] (Bacteriol.) A genus including certain comma-shaped marine bacteria which emit bluish or greenish phosphorescence. Also, any microörganism of this group.
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Photobiotic (?), a. [Photo- + biotic.] (Biol.) Requiring light to live; incapable of living without light; as, photobiotic plant cells.
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Photoceramics (?), n. Art or process of decorating pottery with photographically prepared designs. -- Photoceramic (#), a.
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Photochemical (?), a. [Photo- + chemical.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to chemical action of light, or produced by it; as, the photochemical changes of the visual purple of the retina.
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Photochemistry (?), n. [Photo- + chemistry.] (Chem.) The branch of chemistry which relates to the effect of light in producing chemical changes, as in photography.
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{ Photochromic (?), Photochromatic (?), } a. Of or pertaining to photochromy; produced by photochromy.
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Photochromography (?), n. [Photo- + Gr. � color + -graphy.] Art or process of printing colored photographs.
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Photochromoscope (?), n. [Photo- + Gr. � color + -scope.] 1. A device for giving shifting effects of color to a photograph. The unmounted print, made translucent, is illuminated from behind with colored light.
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2. A combination of three optical lanterns for projecting objects on a screen in the colors of nature. The images of three partial photographs taken through color screens (red, green, and blue, respectively) are superimposed. Each image is given its own primary color, and these colors blend and reproduce the colors of the object.
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Photochromotype (?), n. [Photo- + Gr. � color + -type.] A colored print made photomechanically.
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Photochromotype, v. t. To represent by a colored print made by any photomechanical process.
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Photochromotypy (?), n. The art of making photochromotypes.
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Photochromy (?), n. [Photo- + Gr. � color.] The art or process of reproducing colors by photography.
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Photochronograph (?), n. [Photo- + chronograph.] 1. (Physics) An instrument for recording minute intervals of time. The record is made by the power of a magnetic field, due to an electric signaling current, to turn the plane of polarization of light. A flash, coinciding in time and duration with the signal, is thus produced and is photographed on a moving plate.
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2. (Astron.) An instrument for the photographic recording of star transits.
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Photochronography (?), n. Art of recording or measuring intervals of time by the photochronograph. -- Photochronographic (#), -graphical (#), a. -- Photochronographically, adv.
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Photodrome (?), n. [Photo- + Gr. � to run.] (Physics) An apparatus consisting of a large wheel with spokes, which when turning very rapidly is illuminated by momentary flashes of light passing through slits in a rotating disk. By properly timing the succession of flashes the wheel is made to appear to be motionless, or to rotate more or less slowly in either direction.
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Photodynamics (?), n. [Photo- + dynamics.] (Plant Physiol.) The relation of light to the movements of plants and their organs; the study of the phenomena of curvatures induced by the stimulus of light. -- Photodynamic (#), Photodynamical (#), a.
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Photo-electric (?), a. [Photo- + electric.] Acting by the operation of both light and electricity; -- said of apparatus for producing pictures by electric light.
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{ Photo-electric, Photo-electrical }, a. Pert. to, or capable of developing, photo-electricity.
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Photo-electric cell. A cell (as one of two electrodes embedded in selenium) which by exposure to light generates an electric current.
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Photo-electricity, n. [Photo- + electricity.] Electricity produced by light.
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Photo-electrograph, n. [See ; .] (Meteor.) An electrometer registering by photography.
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Photo-electrotype (?), n. (Print.) An electrotype plate formed in a mold made by photographing on prepared gelatine, etc.
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Photo-engraving (?), n. [Photo- + engraving.] The process of obtaining an etched or engraved plate from the photographic image, to be used in printing; also, a picture produced by such a process.
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Photo-engrave (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Photo-engraved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Photo-engraving.] [Photo- + engrave.] To engrave by a photomechanical process; to make a photo-engraving of. -- Photo-engraver (#), n.
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Photo-epinasty (?), n. [See , and .] (Bot.) A disproportionately rapid growth of the upper surface of dorsiventral organs, such as leaves, through the stimulus of exposure to light. Encyc. Brit.
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Photo-etch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Photo-etched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Photo-etching.] [Photo- + etch.] To engrave, or make an engraving of, by any photomechanical process involving etching of the plate.
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Photo-etching, n. A photo-engraving produced by any process involving the etching of the plate.
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Photogalvanography (?), n. [Photo- + galvanography.] The art or process of making photo-electrotypes. Sir D. Brewster.
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Photogen (?), n. [Photo- + -gen.] (Chem.) A light hydrocarbon oil resembling kerosene. It is obtained by distilling coal, paraffin, etc., and is used as a lubricant, illuminant, etc. [Written also photogene.]
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Photogene (?), n. [See .] 1. A photograph. [Obsoles.]
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2. A more or less continued impression or image on the retina. H. Spencer.
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Photogenic (?), a. Of or pertaining to photogeny; producing or generating light.
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Photogeny (?), n. [See .] See . [Obsoles.]
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Photoglyphic (?), a. [Photo- + Gr. � to engrave.] Pertaining to the art of engraving by the action of light. [Written also photoglyptic.]
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Coloq. Photoglyphic engraving , a process of etching on copper, steel, or zinc, by means of the action of light and certain chemicals, so that from the plate impressions may be taken. Sir D. Brewster.
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Photoglyphy (?), n. Photoglyphic engraving. See under .
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Photoglyptic (?), a. Same as .
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Photogram (?), n. [Photo- + -gram.] A photograph. [R.]
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Photogrammeter (?), n. [See ; .] A phototheodolite, or a camera designed for use in photogrammetry. -- Photogrammetric (#), Photogrammetrical (#), a.
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Photogrammetry (?), n. [Photogram + metry.] A method of surveying or map making by photography, used also in determining the height and motions of clouds, sea waves, and the like.
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Photograph (?), n. [Photo- + -graph.] A picture or likeness obtained by photography.
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Photograph, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Photographed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Photographing (?).] To take a picture or likeness of by means of photography; as, to photograph a view; to photograph a group.
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He makes his pen drawing on white paper, and they are afterwards photographed on wood.
Hamerton.
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Also used figuratively.
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He is photographed on my mind.
Lady D. Hardy.
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Photograph, v. i. To practice photography; to take photographs.
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Photographer (?), n. One who practices, or is skilled in, photography.
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{ Photographic (?), Photographical (?), } a. [Cf. F. photographique.] Of or pertaining to photography; obtained by photography; used ib photography; as a photographic picture; a photographic camera. -- Photographically, adv.
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Coloq. Photographic printing , the process of obtaining pictures, as on chemically prepared paper, from photographic negatives, by exposure to light.
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Photographist (?), n. A photographer.
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Photographometer (?), n. [Photograph + -meter.] (Photog.) An instrument for determining the sensibility of the plates employed in photographic processes to luminous rays.
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Photographone (?), n. [See ; .] A device, consisting essentially of an electric arc and a camera, by which a series of photographs of the variations of the arc due to sound waves are obtained for reproduction by means of a selenium cell and a telephone.
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Photography (?), n. [Photo- + -graphy: cf. F. photographie.] 1. The science which relates to the action of light on sensitive bodies in the production of pictures, the fixation of images, and the like.
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2. The art or process of producing pictures by this action of light.
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☞ The well-focused optical image is thrown on a surface of metal, glass, paper, or other suitable substance, coated with collodion or gelatin, and sensitized with the chlorides, bromides, or iodides of silver, or other salts sensitive to light. The exposed plate is then treated with reducing agents, as pyrogallic acid, ferrous sulphate, etc., to develop the latent image. The image is then fixed by washing off the excess of unchanged sensitive salt with sodium hyposulphite (thiosulphate) or other suitable reagents.
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Photogravure (?), n. [F.] A photoengraving; also, the process by which such a picture is produced.
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Photoheliograph (?), n. [Photo- + heliograph.] (Physics) A modified kind of telescope adapted to taking photographs of the sun.
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Photoheliometer (?), n. [Photo- + heliometer.] (Astron.) A double-lens instrument for measuring slight variations of the sun's diameter by photography, utilizing the common chord of two overlapping images.
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Photolithograph (?), n. [Photo- + lithograph.] A lithographic picture or copy from a stone prepared by the aid of photography.
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Photolithograph, v. t. To produce (a picture, a copy) by the process of photolithography.
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Photolithographer (?), n. One who practices, or one who employs, photolithography.
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Photolithographic (?), n. Of or pertaining to photolithography; produced by photolithography.
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Photolithography (?), n. The art or process of producing photolithographs.
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{ Photologic (?), Photological (?), } a. Pertaining to photology, or the doctrine of light.
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Photologist (?), n. One who studies or expounds the laws of light.
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Photology (?), n. [Photo- + -logy: cf. F. photologie.] The doctrine or science of light, explaining its nature and phenomena; optics.
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Photoluminescence (?), a. [Photo- + luminescence.] (Physics) luminescence induced by exposure to light waves in the infrared to ultraviolet range.
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Photoluminescent (?), a. [Photo- + luminescent.] (Physics) Luminescent due to exposure to light waves.
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Photomagnetic (?), a. Of or pertaining to photomagnetism.
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Photomagnetism (?), n. The branch of science which treats of the relation of magnetism to light.
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Photomechanical (?), a. Pertaining to, or designating, any photographic process in which a printing surface is obtained without the intervention of hand engraving.
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Photometer (?), n. [Photo- + -meter: cf. F. photomètre.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the intensity of light, or, more especially, for comparing the relative intensities of different lights, or their relative illuminating power.
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{ Photometric (?), Photometrical (?), } a. [Cf. F. photométrique.] Of or pertaining to photometry, or to a photometer.
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Photometrician (?), n. One engaged in the scientific measurement of light.
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{ Photometrician (?), Photometrist (?) }, n. A specialist in .
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Photometry (?), n. [Cf. F. photométrie.] That branch of science which treats of the measurement of the intensity of light.
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Photomezzotype (?), n. [Photo- + It. mezzo middle, half + -type.] A photomechanical process similar to collotype.
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Photomicrograph (fōt�mīkr�grȧf), n. [Photo- + micro + -graph.] 1. An enlarged or macroscopic photograph of a microscopic object. See .
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2. A microscopically small photograph of an object.
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Photomicrography (?), n. The art of producing photomicrographs.
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Photonephograph (fōt�nĕf�grȧf), n. [Photo- + Gr. nefos a cloud + -graph.] (Meteor.) A nephoscope registering by photography, commonly consisting of a pair of cameras used simultaneously.
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Photophilous (?), n. [Photo- + Gr. � loving.] (Phytogeog.) Light-loving; growing in strong light, as many plants.
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Photophobia (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. fw^s, fwtos, light + � fear.] (Med.) A dread or intolerance of light. Sir T. Watson.
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Photophone (?), n. [Photo- + Gr. � sound.] (Physics) An apparatus for the production of sound by the action of rays of light. A. G. Bell.
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Photophonic (?), a. Of or pertaining to photophone.
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Photophony (?), n. The art or practice of using the photophone.
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Photoplay (?), n. A play for representation or exhibition by moving pictures; also, the moving-picture representation of a play.
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Photophore (?), n. [Photo- + Gr. ferein to bear.] 1. (Med.) A form of endoscope using an electric light.
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2. (Zoöl.) A light-emitting organ; specif., one of the luminous spots on certain marine (mostly deep-sea) fishes.
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Photoprint (?), n. Any print made by a photomechanical process.
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Photopsia (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. fw^s, fwtos, light + � sight.] (Med.) An affection of the eye, in which the patient perceives luminous rays, flashes, coruscations, etc. See .
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Photopsy (?), n. Same as .
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Photorelief (?), n. A printing surface in relief, obtained by photographic means and subsequent manipulations. Knight.
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Photoscope (?), n. [Photo- + -scope.] (Physics) Anything employed for the observation of light or luminous effects.
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Photoscopic (?), a. Of or pertaining to the photoscope or its uses.
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Photosculpture (?), n. [Photo- + sculpture.] A process in which, by means of a number of photographs simultaneously taken from different points of view on the same level, rough models of the figure or bust of a person or animal may be made with great expedition.
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Photosphere (?), n. [Photo- + sphere.] A sphere of light; esp., the luminous envelope of the sun.
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Photospheric (?), a. Of or pertaining to the photosphere.
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Photosynthesis (?), n. (Plant Physiol.) The process of constructive metabolism by which carbohydrates are formed from water vapor and the carbon dioxide of the air in the chlorophyll-containing tissues of plants exposed to the action of light. It was formerly called assimilation, but this is now commonly used as in animal physiology. The details of the process are not yet clearly known. Baeyer's theory is that the carbon dioxide is reduced to carbon monoxide, which, uniting with the hydrogen of the water in the cell, produces formaldehyde, the latter forming various sugars through polymerization. Vines suggests that the carbohydrates are secretion products of the chloroplasts, derived from decomposition of previously formed proteids. The food substances are usually quickly translocated, those that accumulate being changed to starch, which appears in the cells almost simultaneously with the sugars. The chloroplasts perform photosynthesis only in light and within a certain range of temperature, varying according to climate. This is the only way in which a plant is able to organize carbohydrates. All plants without a chlorophyll apparatus, as the fungi, must be parasitic or saprophytic. -- Photosynthetic (#), a. -- Photosynthetically (#), adv.
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{ Phototaxis (?), Phototaxy (?) }, n. [NL. phototaxis; photo- + Gr. � an arranging.] (Biol.) The influence of light on the movements of low organisms, as various infusorians, the zoöspores of certain algæ, etc.; also, the tendency to follow definite directions of motion or assume definite positions under such influence. If the migration is toward the source of light, it is termed Coloq. positive phototaxis ; if away from the light, Coloq. negative phototaxis . -- Phototactic (#), a. -- Phototactically, adv.
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Phototelegraphy (?), n. Telegraphy by means of light, as by the heliograph or the photophone. Also, less properly, telephotography. -- Phototelegraph (#), n. -- Phototelegraphic (#), a.
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Phototelescope (?), n. (Astron.) A telescope adapted for taking photographs of the heavenly bodies.
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Phototheodolite (?), n. An arrangement of two photographic cameras, the plates of which may be brought into exactly the same plane, used in surveying and map making. From the differences between two pictures taken at the same moment, measurements in all dimensions of the region may be obtained.
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Phototherapy (?), n. (Med.) The application of light for therapeutic purposes, esp. for treating diseases of the skin. -- Phototherapic (#), Phototherapeutic (#), a.
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Photothermic (?), a. Of or pertaining to both light and heat.
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Phototonus (?), n. [NL. See , and .] 1. (Bot.) A motile condition in plants resulting from exposure to light. -- Phototonic (#), a.
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2. (Physiol.) An irritable condition of protoplasm, resulting in movement, due to a certain intensity of light. -- Phototonic (#), a.
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Phototopography (?), n. Photogrammetry. -- Phototopographic (#), Phototopographical (#), a.
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Phototrichromatic (?), a. [Photo- + tri- + chromatic.] Designating a photomechanical process for making reproductions in natural colors by three printings.
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Phototropic (?), a. [Photo- + Gr. � to turn.] (Bot.) of or pertaining to phototropism; exhibiting phototropism; same as .
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Phototropism (?), n. [Photo- + Gr. � to turn.] 1. (Plant Physiol.) The tendency of growing plant organs to move or curve under the influence of light. In ordinary use the term is practically synonymous with .
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2. (Microbiology) exhibiting movement in a direction toward (positive phototropism) or away from (negative phototropism) a source of light.
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Phototype (?), n. [Photo- + -type.] A plate or block with a printing surface (usually in relief) obtained from a photograph; also, any one of the many methods of processes by which such a printing surface is obtained.
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Phototypic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a phototype or phototypy.
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Phototypography (?), n. [Photo- + typography.] Same as .
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Phototypy (?), n. The art or process of producing phototypes.
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Photovisual (?), a. (Optics) Of certain achromatic lenses, having the same focus for the actinic and for the brightest of the visual rays.
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Photoxylography (?), n. [Photo- + xylography.] The process of producing a representation of an object on wood, by photography, for the use of the wood engraver.
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Photozincograph (?), n. A print made by photozincography. -- Photozincographic, a.
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Photozincography (?), n. [Photo- + zincography.] A process, analogous to photolithography, for reproducing photographed impressions transferred to zinc plate.
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Phragmocone (?), n. [Gr. �, �, a fence, an inclosure + � a cone.] (Zoöl.) The thin chambered shell attached to the anterior end of a belemnite. [Written also phragmacone.]
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Phragmosiphon (?), n. (Zoöl.) The siphon of a phragmocone.
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Phrasal (?), a. Of the nature of a phrase; consisting of a phrase; as, a phrasal adverb. Earlc.
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Phrase (?), n. [F., fr. L. phrasis diction, phraseology, Gr. �, fr. � to speak.] 1. A brief expression, sometimes a single word, but usually two or more words forming an expression by themselves, or being a portion of a sentence; as, an adverbial phrase.
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“Convey” the wise it call. “Steal!” foh! a fico for the phrase.
Shak.
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2. A short, pithy expression; especially, one which is often employed; a peculiar or idiomatic turn of speech; as, to err is human.
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3. A mode or form of speech; the manner or style in which any one expreses himself; diction; expression. “Phrases of the hearth.” Tennyson.
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Thou speak'st
In better phrase and matter than thou didst.
Shak.
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4. (Mus.) A short clause or portion of a period.
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☞ A composition consists first of sentences, or periods; these are subdivided into sections, and these into phrases.
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Coloq. Phrase book , a book of idiomatic phrases. J. S. Blackie.
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Phrase, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Phrased (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Phrasing.] [Cf. F. phraser.] To express in words, or in peculiar words; to call; to style. “These suns -- for so they phrase 'em.” Shak.
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Phrase, v. i. 1. To use proper or fine phrases. [R.]
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2. (Mus.) To group notes into phrases; as, he phrases well. See , n., 4.
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Phraseless, a. Indescribable. Shak.
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Phraseogram (?), n. [Gr. � a phrase + -gram.] (Phonography) A symbol for a phrase.
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{ Phraseologic (?), Phraseological (?), } a. Of or pertaining to phraseology; consisting of a peculiar form of words. “This verbal or phraseological answer.” Bp. Pearson.
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Phraseologist (?), n. A collector or coiner of phrases.
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Phraseology (?), n. [Gr. �, �, phrase + -logy: cf. F. phraséologie.] 1. Manner of expression; peculiarity of diction; style.
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Most completely national in his . . . phraseology.
I. Taylor.
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2. A collection of phrases; a phrase book. [R.]
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Syn. -- Diction; style. See .
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Phrasing (?), n. 1. Method of expression; association of words.
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2. (Mus.) The act or method of grouping the notes so as to form distinct musical phrases.
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Phratry (?), n.; pl. Phratries (#). [Gr. �, �.] (Gr. Antiq.) A subdivision of a phyle, or tribe, in Athens.
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Phreatic (?), a. [F. phréatique, from Gr. �, �, a well.] (Geol.) Subterranean; -- applied to sources supplying wells.
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{ Phrenetic (?), Phrenetical (?), } a. [L. phreneticus, Gr. �, �: cf. F. phrénétique. See , and cf. .] Relating to phrenitis; suffering from frenzy; delirious; mad; frantic; frenetic. -- Phrenetically, adv.
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Phrenetic, n. One who is phrenetic. Harvey.
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