Radiolaria - Raguled

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Radiolaria (rādĭ�lārĭȧ), n. pl. [NL. See .] (Zoöl.) Order of rhizopods, usually having a siliceous skeleton, or shell, and sometimes radiating spicules. The pseudopodia project from the body like rays. It includes the polycystines. See .
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Radiolarian (rādĭ�lārĭ�n), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Radiolaria. -- n. One of the Radiolaria.
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Radioli (rȧdī�lī), n. pl.; sing. Radiolus (rȧdī�lŭs). [NL., dim. of L. radius radius: cf. L. radiolus a feeble sunbeam.] (Zoöl.) The barbs of the radii of a feather; barbules.
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Radiolite (rādĭ�līt), n. [L. radius ray + -lite: cf. F. radiolithe.] (Paleon.) A hippurite.
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Radiometer (rādĭŏm�tẽr), n. [L. radius radius + -meter: cf. F. radiomètre.] 1. (Naut.) A forestaff.
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2. (Physics) An instrument designed for measuring the mechanical effect of radiant energy.
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☞ It consists of a number of light disks, blackened on one side, placed at the ends of extended arms, supported on a pivot in an exhausted glass vessel. When exposed to rays of light or heat, the arms rotate.
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Radiometry (rādĭŏm�tr�), n. (Physics) The use of the radiometer, or the measurement of radiation. -- Radiometric (rādĭ�mĕtrĭk), a.
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Radiomicrometer (rādĭ�m�krŏm�tẽr), n. [Radio- + micrometer.] (Physics) A very sensitive modification or application of the thermopile, used for indicating minute changes of radiant heat, or temperature.
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Radiophare (rādĭ�fâr), n. [Radio- + phare.] A radiotelegraphic station serving solely for determining the position of ships. The radius of operation of such stations was restricted by the International Radiotelegraphic Convention (1912) to 30 nautical miles.
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Radiophone (rādĭ�fōn), n. [Radio- + Gr. fwnh sound.] 1. (Physics) An apparatus for the production of sound by the action of luminous or thermal rays. It is essentially the same as the photophone.
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2. a telephone using radio waves, rather than wires, to convey the voice signal.
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Radiophony (rādĭ�ŏf�n�), n. (Physics) The art or practice of using the radiophone.
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Radiopticon (rādĭŏptĭkŏn), n. [Radio- + stereopticon.] See , above.
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Radioscopy (rādĭŏsk�p�), n. [Radio- + -scopy.] Direct observation of objects opaque to light by means of some other form of radiant energy, as x-rays. -- Radioscopic (rādĭŏskŏpĭk), Radioscopical (rādĭŏskŏpĭk�l), a.
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Radiotelegram (rādĭŏtĕl�grăm), n. A message transmitted by radiotelegraph.
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Radiotelegraph (rādĭŏtĕl�grăf), n. [Radio- + telegraph.] A wireless telegraph.
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Radiotelegraphic (rādĭŏtĕl�grăfĭk), a. Of or pertaining to radiotelegraphy; employing, or used or employed in, radiotelegraphy.
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Radiotelegraphy (rādĭŏtĕlĕgrȧf�), n. [Radio- + telegraphy.] Telegraphy using the radiant energy of radio waves; wireless telegraphy; -- the term adopted for use by the Radiotelegraphic Convention of 1912.
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Radiotelephone (rādĭŏtĕl�fōn), n. A wireless telephone, in which the signal is conveyed by radio waves. -- Radiotelephony (#), n.
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Radiotherapy (rādĭŏthĕrȧp�), n. [Radio- + therapy.] (Med.) Treatment of disease by means of x-rays or radioactivity. Radiotherapy of cancer is based on the fact that cancer cells are more sensitive to radiation than most other cells in the body.
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radiothorium (rādĭŏthôrēŭm), n. (Chem.) an earlier name for the thorium isotope thorium-228, given by its discoverer Otto Hahn. It is a radioactive substance formed as one of series of products in the chain of radioactive decay of thorium. Its immediate predecessor in the chain is Actinium-228, and it decays by alpha emission to radium-224 with a half-life of 1.91 years. The name radiothorium was given prior to the full understanding of the nature of isotopes of elements.
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radious (rādĭŭs), a. [L. radiosus.] 1. Consisting of rays, as light. [R.] Berkeley.
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2. Radiating; radiant. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.
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Radish (rădĭsh), n. [F. radis; cf. It. radice, Pr. raditz: all fr. L. radix, -icis, a root, an edible root, especially a radish, akin to E. wort. See , and cf. , a root, .] (Bot.) The pungent fleshy root of a well-known cruciferous plant (Raphanus sativus); also, the whole plant.
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Coloq. Radish fly (Zoöl.), a small two-winged fly (Anthomyia raphani) whose larvæ burrow in radishes. It resembles the onion fly. -- Coloq. Rat-tailed radish (Bot.), an herb (Raphanus caudatus) having a long, slender pod, which is sometimes eaten. -- Coloq. Wild radish (Bot.), the jointed charlock.
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Radium (rādĭŭm), n. [NL., fr. L. radius ray.] (Chem.) An intensely radioactive metallic element found (combined) in minute quantities in pitchblende, and various other uranium minerals. Symbol, Ra; atomic weight, 226.4. Radium was discovered by M. and Mme. Curie, of Paris, who in 1902 separated compounds of it by a tedious process from pitchblende. Its compounds color flames carmine and give a characteristic spectrum. It is divalent, resembling barium chemically. The main isotope of radium found in pitchblende, radium-226, has a half-life of 1620 years, decaying first by alpha emission to . Radium preparations are remarkable for maintaining themselves at a higher temperature than their surroundings, and for their radiations, which are of three kinds: alpha rays, beta rays, and gamma rays (see these terms). The beta and gamma rays seen in radium preparations are in fact due to disintegration of decay products of radium rather than the radium itself. By reason of these rays they ionize gases, affect photographic plates, cause sores on the skin, and produce many other striking effects. Their degree of activity depends on the proportion of radium present, but not on its state of chemical combination or on external conditions. The radioactivity of radium is therefore an atomic property, and is due to an inherent instability of the atomic nucleus which causes its decay in a process whose rate is first order. The disintegration of the radium nucleus is only the first in a series of nuclear disintegrations leading to production of a series of elements and isotopes. The chain has at least seven stages; the successive main products have been studied and are , a gaseous radioactive element belonging chemically to the inert noble gas series (originally called radium emanation or exradio, radium A, radium B, radium C, etc. The successive products are unstable isotopes of several different elements, each with an atomic weight a little lower than its predecessor. Lead is the stable end product. At the same time, the light gas helium is formed, being generated when the expelled alpha particles (positively charged helium nuclei) acquire electrons. Radium, in turn, is formed in the pitchblende ore by a slow disintegration of uranium. Natural radium and also an isotope (radium-228, also called mesothorium I) formed by the decay of thorium, were at one time used to make a luminous paint for watch dials, until the danger of the radioactivity became fully appreciated, and use of such material in watches was discontinued. See also .
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Radius (rādĭŭs), n.; pl. L. Radii (rādĭī); E. Radiuses (rādĭŭsĕz). [L., a staff, rod, spoke of a wheel, radius, ray. See a divergent line.] 1. (Geom.) A right line drawn or extending from the center of a circle to the periphery; the semidiameter of a circle or sphere.
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2. (Anat.) The preaxial bone of the forearm, or brachium, corresponding to the tibia of the hind limb. See Illust. of .
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☞ The radius is on the same side of the limb as the thumb, or pollex, and in man it is so articulated that its lower end is capable of partial rotation about the ulna.
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3. (Bot.) A ray, or outer floret, of the capitulum of such plants as the sunflower and the daisy. See , 2.
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4. pl. (Zoöl.) (a) The barbs of a perfect feather. (b) Radiating organs, or color-markings, of the radiates.
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5. The movable limb of a sextant or other angular instrument. Knight.
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Coloq. Radius bar (Mach.), a bar pivoted at one end, about which it swings, and having its other end attached to a piece which it causes to move in a circular arc. -- Coloq. Radius of curvature . See under .
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Radius vector (vĕktŏr). 1. (Math.) A straight line (or the length of such line) connecting any point, as of a curve, with a fixed point, or pole, round which the straight line turns, and to which it serves to refer the successive points of a curve, in a system of polar coördinates. See , n.
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2. (Astron.) An ideal straight line joining the center of an attracting body with that of a body describing an orbit around it, as a line joining the sun and a planet or comet, or a planet and its satellite.
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Radix (rādĭks), n.; pl. L. Radices (rădĭsēz), E. Radixes (rādĭksĕz). [L. radix, -icis, root. See .] 1. (Philol.) A primitive word, from which spring other words; a radical; a root; an etymon.
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2. (Math.) (a) A number or quantity which is arbitrarily made the fundamental number of any system; a base. Thus, 10 is the radix, or base, of the common system of logarithms, and also of the decimal system of numeration. (b) (Alg.) A finite expression, from which a series is derived. [R.] Hutton.
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3. (Bot.) The root of a plant.
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Radon (rādŏn), n. (Chem.) An intensely radioactive gaseous element produced by the radioactive decay of radium-226, which is the main isotope of radium found in pitchblende. Chemically it is an inert noble gas. Its atomic symbol is Rn. It has an atomic number of 86. The radon isotope produced by decay of radium has an atomic weight of 222.017, and this isotope decays by alpha emission with a half-life of 3.82 days. Numerous other isotopes have been observed, all radioactive and all having half-lives shorter than that of radon-222. Radon was discovered by M. and Mme. Curie, of Paris, in their studies of the radioactive substances in pitchblende. Radon was originally called radium emanation or exradio.
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Radula (răd�lȧ), n.; pl. Radulæ (răd�lē). [L., a scraper, fr. radere to scrape.] (Zoöl.) The chitinous ribbon bearing the teeth of mollusks; -- called also lingual ribbon, and tongue. See .
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Raduliform (rȧdūlĭfôrm), a. [L. radula a scraper + -form.] Rasplike; as, raduliform teeth.
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Raff (rȧf), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Raffed (rȧft); p. pr. & vb. n. Raffing.] [OF. raffer, of German origin; cf. G. raffen; akin to E. rap to snatch. See , and cf. , to tear.] To sweep, snatch, draw, or huddle together; to take by a promiscuous sweep. [Obs.]
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Causes and effects which I thus raff up together. Carew.
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Raff, n. 1. A promiscuous heap; a jumble; a large quantity; lumber; refuse. “A raff of errors.” Barrow.
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2. The sweepings of society; the rabble; the mob; -- chiefly used in the compound or duplicate, riffraff.
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3. A low fellow; a churl.
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Coloq. Raff merchant , a dealer in lumber and odd refuse. [Prov. Eng.]
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Raffaelesque (răffȧĕlĕsk), a. Raphaelesque.
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Raffia (răffĭȧ), n. (Bot.) A fibrous material used for tying plants, said to come from the leaves of a palm tree of the genus Raphia. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants).
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Raffia palm (răffĭȧ päm). (a) A pinnate-leaved palm (Raphia ruffia) native of Madagascar, and of considerable economic importance on account of the strong fiber (raffia) obtained from its leafstalks. (b) The jupati palm.
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Raffinose (răffĭnōs), n. [F. raffiner to refine.] (Chem.) A colorless crystalline slightly sweet substance obtained from the molasses of the sugar beet.
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Raffish (rȧfĭsh), a. Resembling, or having the character of, raff, or a raff; worthless; low.
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A sad, raffish, disreputable character. Thackeray.
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Raffle (răff'l), n. [F. rafle; faire rafle to sweep stakes, fr. rafler to carry or sweep away, rafler tout to sweep stakes; of German origin; cf. G. raffeln to snatch up, to rake. See , v.] 1. A kind of lottery, in which several persons pay, in shares, the value of something put up as a stake, and then determine by chance (as by casting dice) which one of them shall become the sole possessor.
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2. A game of dice in which he who threw three alike won all the stakes. [Obs.] Cotgrave.
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Raffle (răff'l), n. [See , n. & v., and .] Refuse; rubbish; raff.
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Raffle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Raffled (răff'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Raffling (răfflĭng).] To engage in a raffle; as, to raffle for a watch.
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Raffle, v. t. To dispose of by means of a raffle; -- often followed by off; as, to raffle off a horse.
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Raffler (răfflẽr), n. One who raffles.
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Rafflesia (răfflēzhĭȧ), n. [NL. Named from its discoverer, Sir S. Raffles.] (Bot.) A genus of stemless, leafless plants, living parasitically upon the roots and stems of grapevines in Malaysia. The flowers have a carrionlike odor, and are very large, in one species (Rafflesia Arnoldi) having a diameter of two or three feet.
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Raft (rȧft), obs. imp. & p. p. of . Spenser.
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Raft, n. [Originally, a rafter, spar, and fr. Icel. raptr a rafter; akin to Dan. raft, Prov. G. raff a rafter, spar; cf. OHG. rāfo, rāvo, a beam, rafter, Icel. rāf roof. Cf. , n.] 1. A collection of logs, boards, pieces of timber, or the like, fastened together, either for their own collective conveyance on the water, or to serve as a support in conveying other things; a float.
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2. A collection of logs, fallen trees, etc. (such as is formed in some Western rivers of the United States), which obstructs navigation. [U.S.]
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3. [Perhaps akin to raff a heap.] A large collection of people or things taken indiscriminately. [Slang, U. S.] “A whole raft of folks.” W. D. Howells.
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Coloq. Raft bridge . (a) A bridge whose points of support are rafts. (b) A bridge that consists of floating timbers fastened together. -- Coloq. Raft duck . [The name alludes to its swimming in dense flocks.] (Zoöl.) (a) The bluebill, or greater scaup duck; -- called also flock duck. See . (b) The redhead. -- Coloq. Raft port (Naut.), a large, square port in a vessel's side for loading or unloading timber or other bulky articles; a timber or lumber port.
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Raft, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rafted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rafting.] To transport on a raft, or in the form of a raft; to make into a raft; as, to raft timber.
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Rafte (rȧft�), obs. imp. of . Chaucer.
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Rafter (rȧftẽr), n. A raftsman.
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Rafter, n. [AS. ræfter; akin to E. raft, n. See .] (Arch.) Originally, any rough and somewhat heavy piece of timber. Now, commonly, one of the timbers of a roof which are put on sloping, according to the inclination of the roof. See Illust. of .
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[Courtesy] oft is sooner found in lowly sheds,
With smoky rafters, than in tapestry halls. Milton.
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Rafter, v. t. 1. To make into rafters, as timber.
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2. To furnish with rafters, as a house.
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3. (Agric.) To plow so as to turn the grass side of each furrow upon an unplowed ridge; to ridge. [Eng.]
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Rafting, n. The business of making or managing rafts.
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Raftsman (rȧftsm�n), n.; pl. Raftsmen (rȧftsm�n). A man engaged in rafting.
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Rafty (rȧft�), a. [Perhaps akin to G. reif hoarfrost.] Damp; musty. [Prov. Eng.]
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Rag (răg), v. t. [Cf. Icel. rægja to calumniate, OHG. ruogen to accuse, G. rügen to censure, AS. wrēgan, Goth. wrōhjan to accuse.] To scold or rail at; to rate; to tease; to torment; to banter. [Prov. Eng.] Pegge.
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Rag, n. [OE. ragge, probably of Scand, origin; cf. Icel. rögg a tuft, shagginess, Sw. ragg rough hair. Cf. , n.] 1. A piece of cloth torn off; a tattered piece of cloth; a shred; a tatter; a fragment.
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Cowls, hoods, and habits, with their wearers, tossed,
And fluttered into rags. Milton.
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Not having otherwise any rag of legality to cover the shame of their cruelty. Fuller.
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2. pl. Hence, mean or tattered attire; worn-out dress.
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And virtue, though in rags, will keep me warm. Dryden.
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3. A shabby, beggarly fellow; a ragamuffin.
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The other zealous rag is the compositor. B. Jonson.
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Upon the proclamation, they all came in, both tag and rag. Spenser.
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4. (Geol.) A coarse kind of rock, somewhat cellular in texture.
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5. (Metal Working) A ragged edge.
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6. A sail, or any piece of canvas. [Nautical Slang]
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Our ship was a clipper with every rag set. Lowell.
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Coloq. Rag bolt , an iron pin with barbs on its shank to retain it in place. -- Coloq. Rag carpet , a carpet of which the weft consists of narrow strips of cloth sewed together, end to end. -- Coloq. Rag dust , fine particles of ground-up rags, used in making papier-maché and wall papers. -- Coloq. Rag wheel . (a) A chain wheel; a sprocket wheel. (b) A polishing wheel made of disks of cloth clamped together on a mandrel. -- Coloq. Rag wool , wool obtained by tearing woolen rags into fine bits, shoddy.
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Rag (răg), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ragged (răgd); p. pr. & vb. n. Ragging (răggĭng).] To become tattered. [Obs.]
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Rag, v. t. 1. To break (ore) into lumps for sorting.
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2. To cut or dress roughly, as a grindstone.
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Rag, v. t. 1. (Music) To play or compose (a piece, melody, etc.) in syncopated time. [Colloq.]
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2. To dance to ragtime music, esp. in some manner considered indecorous. [Colloq. or Slang]
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{ Ragabash (răgȧbăsh), Ragabrash (răgȧbrăsh), } n. An idle, ragged person. Nares. Grose.
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Ragamuffin (răgȧmŭffĭn), n. [Cf. Ragamofin, the name of a demon in some of the old mysteries.] 1. A paltry or disreputable fellow; a mean wretch. Dryden.
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2. A person who wears ragged clothing. [Colloq.]
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3. (Zoöl.) The long-tailed titmouse. [Prov. Eng.]
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Rage (rāj), n. [F., fr. L. rabies, fr. rabere to rave; cf. Skr. rabh to seize, rabhas violence. Cf. , , .] 1. Violent excitement; eager passion; extreme vehemence of desire, emotion, or suffering, mastering the will. “In great rage of pain.” Bacon.
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He appeased the rage of hunger with some scraps of broken meat. Macaulay.
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Convulsed with a rage of grief. Hawthorne.
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2. Especially, anger accompanied with raving; overmastering wrath; violent anger; fury.
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torment, and loud lament, and furious rage. Milton.
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3. A violent or raging wind. [Obs.] Chaucer.
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4. The subject of eager desire; that which is sought after, or prosecuted, with unreasonable or excessive passion; as, to be all the rage.
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Syn. -- Anger; vehemence; excitement; passion; fury. See .
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Rage, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Raged (rājd); p. pr. & vb. n. Raging (rājĭng).] [OF. ragier. See , n.] 1. To be furious with anger; to be exasperated to fury; to be violently agitated with passion. “Whereat he inly raged.” Milton.
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When one so great begins to rage, he is hunted
Even to falling. Shak.
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Rage, rage against the dying of the light
Do not go gentle into that good night. Dylan Thomas.
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2. To be violent and tumultuous; to be violently driven or agitated; to act or move furiously; as, the raging sea or winds.
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Why do the heathen rage? Ps. ii. 1.
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The madding wheels
Of brazen chariots raged; dire was the noise. Milton.
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3. To ravage; to prevail without restraint, or with destruction or fatal effect; as, the plague raged in Cairo.
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4. To toy or act wantonly; to sport. [Obs.] Chaucer.
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Syn. -- To storm; fret; chafe; fume.
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Rage, v. t. To enrage. [Obs.] Shak.
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Rageful (rājfụl), a. Full of rage; expressing rage. [Obs.] “Rageful eyes.” Sir P. Sidney.
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Ragery (rājẽr�), n. Wantonness. [Obs.] Chaucer.
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Ragged (răggĕd), a. [From , n.] 1. Rent or worn into tatters, or till the texture is broken; as, a ragged coat; a ragged sail.
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2. Broken with rough edges; having jags; uneven; rough; jagged; as, ragged rocks.
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3. Hence, harsh and disagreeable to the ear; dissonant. [R.] “A ragged noise of mirth.” Herbert.
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4. Wearing tattered clothes; as, a ragged fellow.
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5. Rough; shaggy; rugged.
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What shepherd owns those ragged sheep? Dryden.
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Coloq. Ragged lady (Bot.), the fennel flower (Nigella Damascena). -- Coloq. Ragged robin (Bot.), a plant of the genus Lychnis (Lychnis Flos-cuculi), cultivated for its handsome flowers, which have the petals cut into narrow lobes. -- Coloq. Ragged sailor (Bot.), prince's feather (Polygonum orientale). -- Coloq. Ragged school , a free school for poor children, where they are taught and in part fed; -- a name given at first because they came in their common clothing. [Eng.]
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-- Raggedly, adv. -- Raggedness, n.
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{ Raggie (răggĭ), or Raggy }, a. Ragged; rough. [Obs.] “A stony and raggie hill.” Holland.
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Raghuvansa (rŭgụvŭnsȧ), n. [Skr. Raguvaṃça.] A celebrated Sanskrit poem having for its subject the Raghu dynasty.
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Raging (rājĭng), a. & n. from , v. i. -- Ragingly, adv.
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Ragious (rājŭs), a. Raging; furious; rageful. [Obs.] -- Ragiousness, n. [Obs.]
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Raglan (răgl�n), n. 1. A loose overcoat with large sleeves; -- named after Lord Raglan, an English general who was an aide-de-camp to Wellington at Waterlooo.
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2. An overcoat with .
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raglan sleeve (răgl�n slēv), n. A sleeve joined to the body of a garment by a long slanting seam starting at the neck and continuing around the armhole. Contrasted to a .
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Ragman (răgm�n), n.; pl. Ragmen (răgm�n). A man who collects, or deals in, rags.
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Ragman, n. [See .] A document having many names or numerous seals, as a papal bull. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.
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Ragman's roll (răgm�nz rōl). [For ragman roll a long list of names, the devil's roll or list; where ragman is of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. ragmenni a craven person, Sw. raggen the devil. Icel. ragmenni is fr. ragr cowardly (another form of argr, akin to AS. earg cowardly, vile, G. arg bad) + menni (in comp.) man, akin to E. man. See , and cf. .] The rolls of deeds on parchment in which the Scottish nobility and gentry subscribed allegiance to Edward I. of England, A. D. 1296. [Also written ragman-roll.]
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{ Ragnarok (rȧnȧrŏk), Ragnarök (rȧnȧrûk) }, n. [Icel., fr. regin, rögn, gods + rök reason, origin, history; confused with ragna-rökr the twilight of the gods.] (Norse Myth.) The so-called “Twilight of the Gods” (called in German Götterdämmerung), the final destruction of the world in the great conflict between the Æsir (gods) on the one hand, and on the other, the giants and the powers of Hel under the leadership of Loki (who is escaped from bondage).
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Ragout (rȧg�), n. [F. ragoût, fr. ragoûter to restore one's appetite, fr. L. pref. re- re- + ad to + gustare to taste, gustus taste. See relish.] A dish made of pieces of meat, stewed, and highly seasoned; as, a ragout of mutton.
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Ragpicker (răgpĭkẽr), n. One who gets a living by picking up rags and refuse things in the streets.
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Ragtime, n. (Mus.) a rhythm with a regular accompaniment in two-four time and a melody characterized by syncopation, first recognized in many negro melodies; also a style of American music in this rhythm.
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{ Raguled (rȧgūld), Ragguled (răggūld), } a. [Cf. F. raguer to chafe, fret, rub, or E. rag.] (Her.) Notched in regular diagonal breaks; -- said of a line, or a bearing having such an edge.
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