Rough - Round

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Rough (?), a. [Compar. Rougher (?); superl. Roughest.] [OE. rou�, rou, row, rugh, ruh, AS. r�h; akin to LG. rug, D. rug, D. ruig, ruw, OHG. r�h, G. rauh, rauch; cf. Lith. raukas wrinkle, rukti to wrinkle. √ 18. Cf. , n.] 1. Having inequalities, small ridges, or points, on the surface; not smooth or plain; as, a rough board; a rough stone; rough cloth. Specifically: (a) Not level; having a broken surface; uneven; -- said of a piece of land, or of a road. “Rough, uneven ways.” Shak.
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(b) Not polished; uncut; -- said of a gem; as, a rough diamond. (c) Tossed in waves; boisterous; high; -- said of a sea or other piece of water.
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More unequal than the roughest sea. T. Burnet.
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(d) Marked by coarseness; shaggy; ragged; disordered; -- said of dress, appearance, or the like; as, a rough coat. “A visage rough.” Dryden. “Roughsatyrs.” Milton.
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2. Hence, figuratively, lacking refinement, gentleness, or polish. Specifically: (a) Not courteous or kind; harsh; rude; uncivil; as, a rough temper.
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A fiend, a fury, pitiless and rough. Shak.
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A surly boatman, rough as wayes or winds. Prior.
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(b) Marked by severity or violence; harsh; hard; as, rough measures or actions.
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On the rough edge of battle. Milton.
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A quicker and rougher remedy. Clarendon.
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Kind words prevent a good deal of that perverseness which rough and imperious usage often produces. Locke.
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(c) Loud and hoarse; offensive to the ear; harsh; grating; -- said of sound, voice, and the like; as, a rough tone; rough numbers. Pope.
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(d) Austere; harsh to the taste; as, rough wine. (e) Tempestuous; boisterous; stormy; as, rough weather; a rough day.
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He stayeth his rough wind. Isa. xxvii. 8.
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Time and the hour runs through the roughest day. Shak.
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(f) Hastily or carelessly done; wanting finish; incomplete; as, a rough estimate; a rough draught.
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Coloq. Rough diamond , an uncut diamond; hence, colloquially, a person of intrinsic worth under a rude exterior. -- Coloq. Rough and ready . (a) Acting with offhand promptness and efficiency. “The rough and ready understanding.” Lowell.
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(b) Produced offhand. “Some rough and ready theory.” Tylor.
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Rough, n. 1. Boisterous weather. [Obs.] Fletcher.
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2. A rude fellow; a coarse bully; a rowdy.
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Coloq. In the rough , in an unwrought or rude condition; unpolished; as, a diamond or a sketch in the rough.
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Contemplating the people in the rough. Mrs. Browning.
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Rough, adv. In a rough manner; rudely; roughly.
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Sleeping rough on the trenches, and dying stubbornly in their boats. Sir W. Scott.
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Rough, v. t. 1. To render rough; to roughen.
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2. To break in, as a horse, especially for military purposes. Crabb.
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3. To cut or make in a hasty, rough manner; -- with out; as, to rough out a carving, a sketch.
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Coloq. Roughing rolls , rolls for reducing, in a rough manner, a bloom of iron to bars. -- Coloq. To rough it , to endure hard conditions of living; to live without ordinary comforts.
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Roughcast (?), v. t. 1. To form in its first rudiments, without revision, correction, or polish. Dryden.
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2. To mold without nicety or elegance; to form with asperities and inequalities.
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3. To plaster with a mixture of lime and shells or pebbles; as, to roughcast a building.
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Roughcast, n. 1. A rude model; the rudimentary, unfinished form of a thing.
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2. A kind of plastering made of lime, with a mixture of shells or pebbles, used for covering buildings. Shak.
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Roughcaster (?), n. One who roughcasts.
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Roughdraw (?), v. t. To draw or delineate rapidly and by way of a first sketch.
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Roughdry (?), v. t. in laundry work, to dry without smoothing or ironing.
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Roughen (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roughened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Roughening.] [From .] To make rough.
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Roughen, v. i. To grow or become rough.
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Rough-footed (?), a. (Zoöl.) Feather-footed; as, a rough-footed dove. [R.] Sherwood.
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Rough-grained (?), a. Having a rough grain or fiber; hence, figuratively, having coarse traits of character; not polished; brisque.
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Roughhead (?), n. (Zoöl.) The redfin.
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Roughhew (?), v. t. 1. To hew coarsely, without smoothing; as, to roughhew timber.
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2. To give the first form or shape to; to form rudely; to shape approximately and rudely; to roughcast.
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There's a divinity that shapes our ends,
Roughhew them how we will. Shak.
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Roughhewer (?), n. One who roughhews.
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Roughhewn (?), a. 1. Hewn coarsely without smoothing; unfinished; not polished.
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2. Of coarse manners; rude; uncultivated; rough-grained. “A roughhewn seaman.” Bacon.
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Roughing-in (?), n. The first coat of plaster laid on brick; also, the process of applying it.
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Roughings (?), n. pl. Rowen. [Prov. Eng.]
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Roughish, a. Somewhat rough.
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Roughleg (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of large hawks of the genus Archibuteo, having the legs feathered to the toes. Called also rough-legged hawk, and rough-legged buzzard.
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☞ The best known species is Archibuteo lagopus of Northern Europe, with its darker American variety (Sancti-johannis). The latter is often nearly or quite black. The ferruginous roughleg (Archibuteo ferrugineus) inhabits Western North America.
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Rough-legged (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the legs covered with feathers; -- said of a bird.
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Coloq. rough-legged hawk . (Zoöl.) See .
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Roughly, adv. In a rough manner; unevenly; harshly; rudely; severely; austerely.
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Roughness, n. The quality or state of being rough.
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Roughrider (?), n. 1. One who breaks horses; especially (Mil.), a noncommissioned officer in the British cavalry, whose duty is to assist the riding master.
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2. An officer or enlisted man in the 1st U. S. Volunteer Cavalry, a regiment raised for the Spanish war of 1898, composed mostly of Western cowboys and hunters and Eastern college athletes and sportsmen, largely organized, and later commanded, by Theodore Roosevelt. Sometimes, locally, a member of any of various volunteer cavalry commands raised in 1898. [Colloq.]
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Roughscuff (?), n. [Rough + scuff.] A rough, coarse fellow; collectively, the lowest class of the people; the rabble; the riffraff. [Colloq. U.S.]
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Roughsetter (?), n. A mason who builds rough stonework.
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Roughshod (?), a. Shod with shoes armed with points or calks; as, a roughshod horse.
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Coloq. To ride roughshod , to pursue a course regardless of the pain or distress it may cause others.
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Roughstrings (?), n. pl. (Capr.) Pieces of undressed timber put under the steps of a wooden stair for their support.
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Rought (?), obs. imp. of .
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Rought, obs. imp. of , to care. Chaucer.
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Roughtail (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of small ground snakes of the family Uropeltidæ; -- so called from their rough tails.
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Roughwork (?), v. t. To work over coarsely, without regard to nicety, smoothness, or finish. Moxon.
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Roughwrought (?), a. Wrought in a rough, unfinished way; worked over coarsely.
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Rouk (?), v. i. See 5th , and . [Obs.]
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Roulade (?), n. [F.] (Mus.) A smoothly running passage of short notes (as semiquavers, or sixteenths) uniformly grouped, sung upon one long syllable, as in Handel's oratorios.
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Rouleau (?), n.; pl. F. Rouleaux (F. �; E. �), E. Rouleaus (#). [F., a roll, dim. fr. fr. rôle, formerly also spelt roulle. See .] A little roll; a roll of coins put up in paper, or something resembling such a roll.
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Roulette (?), n. [F., properly, a little wheel or ball. See , .] 1. A game of chance, in which a small ball is made to move round rapidly on a circle divided off into numbered red and black spaces, the one on which it stops indicating the result of a variety of wagers permitted by the game.
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2. (Fine Arts) (a) A small toothed wheel used by engravers to roll over a plate in order to order to produce rows of dots. (b) A similar wheel used to roughen the surface of a plate, as in making alterations in a mezzotint.
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3. (Geom.) the curve traced by any point in the plane of a given curve when the latter rolls, without sliding, over another fixed curve. See , and .
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4. A small toothed wheel used to make short incisions in paper, as a sheet of postage stamps to facilitate their separation.
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Roulette, v. t. To make short incisions in with a roulette; to separate by incisions made with a roulette; as, to roulette a sheet of postage stamps.
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Rouly-pouly (?), n. See .
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Roumanian (?), a. [Written also Rumanian and Romanian.] [From Roumania, the name of the country, Roumanian România, fr. Român Roumanian, L. Romanus Roman.] Of or pertaining to Roumania.
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Roumanian, n. An inhabitant of Roumania; also, the language of Roumania, one of the Romance or Romanic languages descended from Latin, but containing many words from other languages, as Slavic, Turkish, and Greek. [Written also Rumanian and Romanian.]
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{ Roun, Rown (?) }, v. i. & t. [AS. rūnian, fr. rūn a rune, secret, mystery; akin to G. raunen to whisper. See .] To whisper. [obs.] Gower.
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Another rouned to his fellow low. Chaucer.
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Rounce (rouns), n. [Cf. F. ronce bramble, brier, thorn, ranche a round, step, rack, or E. round.] (Print.) The handle by which the bed of a hand press, holding the form of type, etc., is run in under the platen and out again; -- sometimes applied to the whole apparatus by which the form is moved under the platen.
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Rounceval (?), a. [F. Ronceval, Roncevaux, a town at the foot of the foot of the Pyrenees, Sp. Roncesvalles.] Large; strong; -- from the gigantic bones shown at Roncesvalles, and alleged to be those of old heroes. [Obs.]
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Rounceval, n. A giant; anything large; a kind of pea called also marrowfat. [Obs.]
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Rouncy (?), n. A common hackney horse; a nag. [Obs.]
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he rode upon a rouncy as he could. Chaucer.
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Round (?), v. i. & t. [From .] To whisper. [obs.] Shak. Holland.
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The Bishop of Glasgow rounding in his ear, “Ye are not a wise man,” . . . he rounded likewise to the bishop, and said, “Wherefore brought ye me here?” Calderwood.
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Round, a. [OF. roond, roont, reond, F. rond, fr. L. rotundus, fr. rota wheel. See , and cf. , , .] 1. Having every portion of the surface or of the circumference equally distant from the center; spherical; circular; having a form approaching a spherical or a circular shape; orbicular; globular; as, a round ball. “The big, round tears.” Shak.
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Upon the firm opacous globe
Of this round world. Milton.
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2. Having the form of a cylinder; cylindrical; as, the barrel of a musket is round.
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3. Having a curved outline or form; especially, one like the arc of a circle or an ellipse, or a portion of the surface of a sphere; rotund; bulging; protuberant; not angular or pointed; as, a round arch; round hills. “Their round haunches gored.” Shak.
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4. Full; complete; not broken; not fractional; approximately in even units, tens, hundreds, thousands, etc.; -- said of numbers.
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Pliny put a round number near the truth, rather than the fraction. Arbuthnot.
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5. Not inconsiderable; large; hence, generous; free; as, a round price.
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Three thousand ducats; 'tis a good round sum. Shak.
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Round was their pace at first, but slackened soon. Tennyson.
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6. Uttered or emitted with a full tone; as, a round voice; a round note.
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7. (Phonetics) Modified, as a vowel, by contraction of the lip opening, making the opening more or less round in shape; rounded; labialized; labial. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 11.
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8. Outspoken; plain and direct; unreserved; unqualified; not mincing; as, a round answer; a round oath. “The round assertion.” M. Arnold.
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Sir Toby, I must be round with you. Shak.
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9. Full and smoothly expanded; not defective or abrupt; finished; polished; -- said of style, or of authors with reference to their style. [Obs.]
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In his satires Horace is quick, round, and pleasant. Peacham.
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10. Complete and consistent; fair; just; -- applied to conduct.
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Round dealing is the honor of man's nature. Bacon.
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Coloq. At a round rate , rapidly. Dryden. -- Coloq. In round numbers , approximately in even units, tens, hundreds, etc.; as, a bin holding 99 or 101 bushels may be said to hold in round numbers 100 bushels. -- Coloq. Round bodies (Geom.), the sphere right cone, and right cylinder. -- Coloq. Round clam (Zoöl.), the quahog. -- Coloq. Round dance one which is danced by couples with a whirling or revolving motion, as the waltz, polka, etc. -- Coloq. Round game , a game, as of cards, in which each plays on his own account. -- Coloq. Round hand , a style of penmanship in which the letters are formed in nearly an upright position, and each separately distinct; -- distinguished from running hand. -- Coloq. Round robin . [Perhaps F. round round + ruban ribbon.] (a) A written petition, memorial, remonstrance, protest, etc., the signatures to which are made in a circle so as not to indicate who signed first. “No round robins signed by the whole main deck of the Academy or the Porch.” De Quincey. (b) (Zoöl.) The cigar fish. -- Coloq. Round shot , a solid spherical projectile for ordnance. -- Coloq. Round Table , the table about which sat King Arthur and his knights. See Knights of the Round Table, under . -- Coloq. Round tower , one of certain lofty circular stone towers, tapering from the base upward, and usually having a conical cap or roof, which crowns the summit, -- found chiefly in Ireland. They are of great antiquity, and vary in heigh from thirty-five to one hundred and thiry feet. -- Coloq. Round trot , one in which the horse throws out his feet roundly; a full, brisk, quick trot. Addison. -- Coloq. Round turn (Naut.), one turn of a rope round a timber, a belaying pin, etc. -- Coloq. To bring up with a round turn , to stop abruptly. [Colloq.]
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Syn. -- Circular; spherical; globular; globase; orbicular; orbed; cylindrical; full; plump; rotund.
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Round (round), n. 1. Anything round, as a circle, a globe, a ring. “The golden round” [the crown]. Shak.
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In labyrinth of many a round self-rolled. Milton.
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2. A series of changes or events ending where it began; a series of like events recurring in continuance; a cycle; a periodical revolution; as, the round of the seasons; a round of pleasures.
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3. Hence: A course ending where it began; a circuit; a beat; especially, one freguently or regulary traversed; also, the act of traversing a circuit; as, a watchman's round; the rounds of the postman.
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4. A series of duties or tasks which must be performed in turn, and then repeated.
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the trivial round, the common task. Keble.
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5. Hence: (Mining, Tunneling) One work cycle, consisting of drilling blast holes, loading them with explosive, blasting, mucking out, and, if necessary, installing temporary support.
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. . . Inco is still much more advanced than other mining companies. He says that the LKAB mine in Sweden is the closest rival. He predicts that, by 2008, Inco can reach a new productivity plateau, doubling the current mining productivity from 3,350 tonnes to 6,350 tonnes per person per year. Another aim is to triple the mine cycle rate (the time to drill, blast and muck a round) from one cycle to three complete cycles per 24 hours. http://www.canadianminingjournal.com/issues/apr00/page10.asp
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6. A course of action or conduct performed by a number of persons in turn, or one after another, as if seated in a circle.
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Women to cards may be compared: we play
A round or two; which used, we throw away. Granville.
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The feast was served; the bowl was crowned;
To the king's pleasure went the mirthful round. Prior.
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7. Hence: A complete set of plays in a game or contest covering a standard number of individual plays or parts; as, a round of golf; a round of tennis.
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8. Hence: One set of games in a tournament.
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9. The time during which prize fighters or boxers are in actual contest without an intermission, as prescribed by their rules; a bout.
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10. A circular dance.
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Come, knit hands, and beat the ground,
In a light fantastic round. Milton.
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11. That which goes round a whole circle or company; as, a round of applause.
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12. Rotation, as in office; succession. Holyday.
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13. The step of a ladder; a rundle or rung; also, a crosspiece which joins and braces the legs of a chair.
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All the rounds like Jacob's ladder rise. Dryden.
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14. (Mil.) (a) A walk performed by a guard or an officer round the rampart of a garrison, or among sentinels, to see that the sentinels are faithful and all things safe; also, the guard or officer, with his attendants, who performs this duty; -- usually in the plural. (b) A general discharge of firearms by a body of troops in which each soldier fires once. (c) One piece of ammunition for a firearm, used by discharging one piece at a time; as, each soldier carried a hundred rounds of ammunition.
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15. (Mus.) A short vocal piece, resembling a catch in which three or four voices follow each other round in a species of canon in the unison.
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16. A brewer's vessel in which the fermentation is concluded, the yeast escaping through the bunghole.
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17. A vessel filled, as for drinking; as, to drink a round od ale together. [R.]
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18. An assembly; a group; a circle; as, a round of politicians. Addison.
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19. (Naut.) See .
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20. Same as Round of beef, below.
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Coloq. Gentlemen of the round . (a) Gentlemen soldiers of low rank who made the rounds. See 10 (a), above. (b) Disbanded soldiers who lived by begging. [Obs.]
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Worm-eaten gentlemen of the round, such as have vowed to sit on the skirts of the city, let your provost and his half dozen of halberdiers do what they can. B. Jonson.
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-- Coloq. Round of beef , the part of the thigh below the aitchbone, or between the rump and the leg. See Illust. of . -- Coloq. Round steak , a beefsteak cut from the round. -- Coloq. Sculpture in the round , sculpture giving the full form, as of man; statuary, distinguished from relief.
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